In this paper we derive a Gilbert-Varshamov type bound for linear codes over Galois rings. For linear codes over the Galois ring GR(pl; j) the result can be stated as follows. Given r; such that 0 < r < 1 and 0 < H 1 pj (1 r): Then for all n N; where N is a sufficiently large integer, there exist [n; k] GR linear codes over GR(pl; j) such that k=n r and d=n : Consequently, this bound does not g...

‎there are a few finite groups that are determined up to isomorphism solely by their order, such as $mathbb{z}_{2}$ or $mathbb{z}_{15}$. still other finite groups are determined by their order together with other data, such as the number of elements of each order, the structure of the prime graph, the number of order components, the number of sylow $p$-subgroups for each prime $p$, etc. in this...

The absolute, average, and differential phase shifts that p- and s-polarized light experience in total internal reflection (TIR) at the planar interface between two transparent media are considered as functions of the angle of incidence phi. Special angles at which quarter-wave phase shifts are achieved are determined as functions of the relative refractive index N. When the average phase shift...

In this work, we introduce $H^*$-condition on the set of submodules of a module. Let $M$ be a module. We say $M$ satisfies $H^*$ provided that for every submodule $N$ of $M$, there is a direct summand$D$ of $M$ such that $(N+D)/N$ and $(N+D)/D$ are cosingular. We show that over a right perfect right $GV$-ring,a homomorphic image of a $H^*$ duo module satisfies $H^*$.

Let $R\ $be a commutative ring with $1\neq0$ and $M$ be an $R$-module. Suppose that $S\subseteq R\ $is multiplicatively closed set of $R.\ $Recently Sevim et al. in \cite{SenArTeKo} introduced the notion $S$-prime submodule which is generalization prime used them to characterize certain classes rings/modules such as submodules, simple modules, torsion free modules,\ $S$-Noetherian modules etc. ...

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First we derive theoretically, using appropriate transformation on x(n), the closed-form solution of the nonlinear difference equation x(n+1) = 1/(&plusmn;1 + x(n)), n &isin; N_0. The form of solution of this equation, however, was first obtained in [10] but through induction principle. Then, with the solution of the above equation at hand, we prove a case ...

The locus of all points in the complex plane of the dielectric function ?[?(r) + j?(i) = |?| exp(jtheta)], that represent all possible interfaces characterized by the same pseudo-Brewster angle theta(p)B of minimum p reflectance, is derived in the polar form: |?| = l cos(zeta/3), where l = 2(tan(2)Phi(p)B)k, zeta = arccos(- costheta cos(2)Phi(p)B/k(3)), and k = (1 - 2/3 sin(2)Phi(p)B)(1/2). Fam...

Let $R$ be a commutative ring with identity and let $M$ be an $R$-module. In this paper, we will introduce the secondary radical of a submodule $N$ of $M$ as the sum of all secondary submodules of $M$ contained in $N$, denoted by $sec^*(N)$, and explore the related properties. We will show that this class of modules contains the family of second radicals properly and can be regarded as a dual o...

Let $$(R,\mathfrak {m})$$ be a Noetherian local ring of prime characteristic p and Q an $$\mathfrak {m}$$ -primary parameter ideal. We give criteria for F-rationality R using the tight Hilbert function $$H^*_Q(n)=\ell (R/(Q^n)^*)$$ coefficient $$e_1^*(Q)$$ polynomial $$P^*_Q(n)=\sum _{i=0}^d(-1)^ie_i^*(Q)\left( {\begin{array}{c}n+d-1-i\\ d-i\end{array}}\right) .$$ obtain lower bound equidimensi...

1 I n t r o d u c t i o n Elliptic curves can be applied to public-key cryptosystems, and as such several schemes have been proposed [3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11]. There are two typical elliptic curve cryptosystems: E1Gamal-type scheme [4, 11] and RSA-type schemes [3, 5, 6]. The security of the EIGamal-type elliptic curve cryptosystem is based on the difficulty of solving a discrete logarithm over ellipt...