Baseline data are needed to determine the overall magnitude and direction of change in ecosystem functioning. This letter presents an approach to estimate potential NDVI fromenvironmental variables and training data of actual NDVI in nature reserves. Patterns of deviations of actual NDVI from the baseline generally correspond with land-use types in the western United States.

AbstractPurpose - This paper aims to reveal how the impact of inflation on zakah can reduce actual value collected, study fiqh about distribution, and apply fund reserves funds not distributed entirely.Methodology The method used is qualitative with form library research (library research). concludes that impacts acceptance; is, amount collected reduced. management by state in some scholars’ re...

In this paper, based on error correction model by using panel data, an empirical analysis of demand for international reserves for 16 Islamic countries is investigated. Besides addressing conventional issues, the model explicitly incorporates the impact of expected export revenues and the impact of the exchange rate system on reserve demand. The results reveal that, short run money market diseq...

Increased large and high-intensity wildfires cause socioeconomic ecological impacts, which demand improved landscape management approaches in both societal dimensions are integrated. Engaging society fire requires a better understanding of stakeholder perceptions management. We analyze about wildfire-landscape interactions abandoned rural landscapes southern Europe, how the land should be manag...

the purpose of establishing foreign reserves account in iran was mainly to secure iran's economy from the oil's price changes. it was to compensate for oil price reduction. but foreign reserves account withdrew excessively and did not allocate it optimally. that's why; it went for away from its practical purpose. this study focuses on the use of official assessment pattern to rev...