The exact stress–strain curve can be directly identified from uniaxial tension experiments up to the point of onset diffuse necking. To gain insight into post-necking hardening response metals, other experimental methods such as bulge, compression or torsion are typically employed. Here, we introduce idea using surround DIC obtain accurate specimen shape measurements tensile specimens with rect...

In this paper, a new approach is proposed for stress state - dependent flow localization in bifurcation failure model bounded through ductile damage in dynamically loaded sheets. Onset of localized necking is considered in phenomenological way for different strain rates to draw the forming limit diagram (FLD). Using a strain metal hardening exponent in the Vertex theory related to the strain ra...