Varied milk delivery contingencies differentially affect sucking in rat pups as measured by jaw-muscle electromyographic activity. In Experiment I we found that 11-13-day-old pups sucked more frequently when receiving tiny intermittent pulses of milk than when receiving no milk, and continued to suck at a high rate for at least 30 min after cessation of milk delivery. In subsequent experiments ...

I wholeheartedly agree with the Letter to the Editor by Dr. Arthur W. Perry, Dr. Michael Sosin, and Ms. Meredith Perry in the September 2011 issue of Aesthetic Surgery Journal.1 In their correspondence, the authors recommend applying a “spirit level,” as used by engineers, to confirm symmetric and level markings for nipples. I would like to make an additional suggestion: many “smartphones” have...

A cross-sectional serosurvey was performed to identify environmental features or practices of dairy farms associated with risk for exposure to vaccinia-like viruses in dairy cattle in Brazil. Sera from 103 cows from 18 farms in Minas Gerais state were examined for Orthopoxvirus-neutralizing antibodies. A database of 243 binary or multiple-selection categorical variables regarding the physical f...

The sucking behaviour of three litters o 1, 2, 5 and 9 days after birth. Records were later to determine the sucking time, teat pre each piglet. The smallest litter spent less The amount of competition amongst piglets was there was also evidence of territorial behavi After nine days the teat preference order had . the slowest growing litter. f 6, 8 and 10 piglets was observed at made on video t...

Painful and/or damaged nipples associated with breastfeeding are common and represent a challenge for both the persons experiencing nipple pain and/or trauma and for those providing treatment. However, evidence-based data has been insufficient to demonstrably minimize these common reasons for failure to initiate or continue successful breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the eff...

A newborn was noticed lying unattended in the hospital campus. It had complete absence of all four limbs, deformed ears, facial cleft, proptosis, hydrocephalus, corneal opacity, absent nipples, anterior abdominal wall defect with exstrophy bladder, absent external genitalia, and sacral spina bifida (Fig.1 A & B). The child died after few hours due to aspiration pneumonitis. These features are p...

Milk ejection reflex involves an ascending neuronal pathway from the nipples to the hypothalamus and a descending vascular limb. Anatomical data reveal that in sheep, ascending neural information passes through the medial cuneate nucleus (CUm), or the lumbar spinal segments (LSS) and the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) before reaching the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Physiological...

One of the major tasks confronting newborn mammals is to find the mother's nipples and suckle. This requires that the young respond appropriately to the presence of the mother, that they find and secure a nipple, and that they suck effectively. Most mammals having altricial young spend long periods of time with their newborn litters while assuming the nursing posture. Cats (SCHNEIRLA et al., 19...

Painful and/or damaged nipples associated with breastfeeding are common and represent a challenge for both the persons experiencing nipple pain and/or trauma and for those providing treatment. However, evidence-based data has been insufficient to demonstrably minimize these common reasons for failure to initiate or continue successful breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the eff...

Mastitis occurs in approximately 10 percent of U.S. mothers who are breastfeeding, and it can lead to the cessation of breastfeeding. The risk of mastitis can be reduced by frequent, complete emptying of the breast and by optimizing breastfeeding technique. Sore nipples can precipitate mastitis. The differential diagnosis of sore nipples includes mechanical irritation from a poor latch or infan...