Fundamental aspects of human behavior operate outside of conscious awareness. Yet, theories of conditioned responses in humans, such as placebo and nocebo effects on pain, have a strong emphasis on conscious recognition of contextual cues that trigger the response. Here, we investigated the neural pathways involved in nonconscious activation of conditioned pain responses, using functional magne...

OBJECTIVE The Internet has expanded the scope for creating health scares and increased the risk of nocebo responding in individuals exposed to misinformation about threats to personal health posed by aspects of modern life, such as exposure to new technologies. It was the aim of this experiment to investigate whether the delivery of positive expectations might reduce or reverse symptoms trigger...

Background: Placebo and nocebo responses have important consequences for the development of pharmaceutical drugs design randomized controlled trials (RCTs). They can lead to incorrect measurement treatment-related efficacy adverse effects (AEs). Objectives: The goal this study was evaluate frequency magnitude placebo in placebo-controlled RCTs non-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) biologics Janus kin...