As our worldview has become more pervasive, there has been a maturation of various international ophthalmological organizations. They have created several new initiatives that have the potential to dramatically affect preventable and treatable blindness, worldwide. The first international ophthalmological organization (the International Council of Ophthalmology, established in 1927) evolved fro...

The Afya Bora Consortium is a partnership of 8 academic health institutions, 4 in Africa and 4 in the United States. The Consortium is developing a Global Health Leadership Fellowship for medical, nursing, and public health professionals, largely drawn from the 4 African partner countries. The fellowship provides trainees with practical skills to prepare them for future positions leading the de...

This article surveys the growing theoretical literature on the motives for and welfare effectsof environmental corporate social responsibility (CSR). We show how both market andnonmarket forces are making environmental CSR profitable, and also discuss altruistic CSR.In particular, nongovernmental organizations strongly influence CSR activities, through bothpublic and private pol...

Open data and data sharing are essential for maximizing the benefits that can be obtained from institutional and research datasets [1]. In 2012, the medical humanitarian organization Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) decided to adopt a data sharing policy for routinely collected clinical and research data (http://www. msf.org.uk/msf-data-sharing). Here we describe the policy’s principles, practica...

The December and January issues of the Bulletin carried summaries of recommendations made by British governmental and nongovernmental organizations to Sir William Beveridge and his Interdepartmental Committee on Social Insurance and Allied Services, and of the Beveridge report.1 The report summarised here,2 which appeared almost simultaneously with the Beveridge report, represents the proposals...

Local knowledge building is a crucial factor for upgrading small producers and improving their market competitiveness and livelihoods. The rise of global standards affecting food safety and environmental sustainability in agriculture sparks debates on the impact on smallholders in developing countries. This article presents a perspective on the links of international standards to knowledge and ...

The scale, scope, and significance of humanitarian action have expanded significantly since the late 1980s. This article reflects on two ways in which humanitarianism has been transformed. First, its purpose has been politicized. Whereas once humanitarian actors attempted to insulate themselves from the world of politics, they now work closely with states and attempt to eliminate the root cause...

The Council for International Organizations ofMedical Sciences (CIOMS) was established jointly by the World HealthOrganization (WHO)andtheUnitedNationsEducational, Scientific andCulturalOrganization (UNESCO) in 1949 as an international, nongovernmental, nonprofit organization and now includes 45 international, national, and associate member organizations, representing many of the biomedical dis...

Development organizations and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have been emphasizing the high potential of free and open source software (FOSS) for the less developed countries (LDCs). Cost reduction, less vendor dependency, and increased potential for local capacity development have been their main arguments. In spite of its advantages, FOSS is not widely adopted on the Afric...

an impressive international apparatus dedicated to peacebuilding—that is, the attempt to build stable, legitimate, and effective states after war—has emerged.1 The arst sustained push in this direction came with the development of second-generation peacekeeping operations that both monitored cease-ares and attempted to help states emerging from civil wars develop the requisites for a stable pea...