Clinically insignificant residual fragments (CIRFs) are small fragments (less than 5 mm) that are present in upper urinary tract at the time of regular post-SWL followup. The term is controversial because they may remain silent and asymptomatic or become a risk factor for stone growth and recurrence, leading to symptomatic events, and need further urologic treatment. Although a stone-free state...

Statin treatment improves endothelial dysfunction and decreases plaque volume in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease (OCAD) as a pleiotropic mechanism. Clinical outcomes OCAD under statin therapy are favorable compared those for without statins. However, the effect of statins may be uncertain vasospastic angina nonobstructive (VSA-NOCAD). Several researchers South Korea Japan have...