BACKGROUND Experimental evidence suggests pesticides may be associated with hypospadias. OBJECTIVE Examine the association of hypospadias with residential proximity to commercial agricultural pesticide applications. METHODS The study population included male infants born from 1991 to 2004 to mothers residing in 8 California counties. Cases (n = 690) were ascertained by the California Birth ...

BACKGROUND Microbicides must protect against STD pathogens without causing unacceptable toxic effects. Microbicides based on nonoxynol-9 (N9) and other detergents disrupt sperm, HSV and HIV membranes, and these agents are effective contraceptives. But paradoxically N9 fails to protect women against HIV and other STD pathogens, most likely because it causes toxic effects that increase susceptibi...

In a systematic effort to develop a microbicide contraceptive capable of preventing transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), as well as providing fertility control, we have previously identified novel phenyl phosphate derivatives of zidovudine (ZDV) with 5-halo 6-alkoxy substitutions in the thymine ring and halo substitution in the phenyl moiety respectively. Here, we describe the sy...

BACKGROUND At present, there is no effective vaccine or other approved product for the prevention of sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. It has been reported that women in resource-poor communities use vaginally applied citrus juices as topical microbicides. These easily accessible food products have historically been applied to prevent pregnancy and sexu...

preceding the DHS survey, as did 0.2% of married women. In addition, 7% of men reported that they had paid for sex during the same time period. It seems unlikely that in the near future levels of male condom use, abstinence or adherence to mutually faithful relationships will increase so significantly in Zimbabwe that the HIV epidemic will be slowed or stopped.3 Given the previous success of fe...

As Trichomonas vaginalis infects the urethra, Bartholin’s and Skene’s glands, as well as the vagina systemic treatment for trichomoniasis is recommended. The only group of drugs with safe, proved, systemic eYcacy is the imidazoles and the most widely used agent is metronidazole. When antimicrobial resistance arises it is likely to be shared across the group. Metronidazole resistant strains have...

The use of a faecal preservative and several staining methods, together with formalin ether concentration, were evaluated for the improved diagnosis of intestinal amoebiasis and giardiasis in 1285 patients with diarrhoea or dysentery and from asymptomatic controls. All samples were screened by three wet mount techniques. Thirty eight specimens of diarrhoeal or dysenteric stool were preserved in...

BACKGROUND The convergent distribution of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and helminth infections has led to the suggestion that infection with helminths exacerbates the HIV epidemic in developing countries. In South Africa, it is estimated that 57% of the population lives in poverty and carries the highest burden of both HIV and helmith infections, however, the disease interactions are ...

Parasitic infection is highly prevalent throughout the developing countries of the world. These infections are the major problem in rehabilitation centers for the mentally retarded. There have been many reports about the prevalence of parasitic infection among different groups of people in Iran; however, the epidemiological data in intellectual disability (ID) individuals are rare and there are...

BACKGROUND/AIMS Most pesticide formulations contain both chief and additive ingredients. But, the additives may not have been tested as thoroughly as the chief ingredients. The surfactant, nonyl phenoxypolyethoxylethanol (NP40), is an additive frequently present in pesticide formulations. We investigated the effects of NP40 and other constituents of a validamycin pesticide formulation on cell v...