While unsupervised learning has long been useful for density modeling, exploratory data analysis and visualization, it has become increasingly important for discovering features that will later be used for discriminative tasks. Discriminative algorithms often work best with highly-informative features; remarkably, such features can often be learned without the labels. One particularly effective...

Background: Horton’s disease (HD) or giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a segmental and plurifocal inflammatory panarteritis, predominant in large medium sized vessels. Ocular damage during frequent considered the most serious damage, possibly causing blindness 15% of cases recent series (1). Objectives: Describe different ophthalmological manifestations GCA. Methods: This retrospective monocentric ...

UNLABELLED Oxidative phosphorylation using multiple-component, membrane-associated protein complexes is the most effective way for a cell to generate energy. Here, we systematically investigated the multiple protein-protein interactions of the denitrification apparatus of the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa During denitrification, nitrate (Nar), nitrite (Nir), nitric oxide (Nor), an...

UNLABELLED A major percentage (20 to 40%) of global marine fixed-nitrogen loss occurs in oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). Concentrations of O2 and the sensitivity of the anaerobic N2-producing processes of anammox and denitrification determine where this loss occurs. We studied experimentally how O2 at nanomolar levels affects anammox and denitrification rates and the transcription of nitrogen cycl...

The Solfatara volcano near Naples (Italy), the origin of the recently discovered verrucomicrobial methanotroph Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum SolV was shown to contain ammonium ([Formula: see text]) at concentrations ranging from 1 to 28 mM. Ammonia (NH3) can be converted to toxic hydroxylamine (NH2OH) by the particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO), the first enzyme of the methane (CH4) oxidat...

Mixtures of cold bosonic atoms in optical lattices undergo phase separations on different length scales with increasing inter-species repulsion. As a general rule, the stronger the intra-species interactions, the shorter is this length scale. The wealth of phenomena is documented by illustrative examples on both superfluids and Mott-insulators. PACS numbers: 05.30.Jp, 03.75.Lm, 03.75.Mn, 64.75....

Although freshwater and marine systems both receive light and heat energy from the sun and are mixed by the wind, only marine systems receive additional mechanical energy from the tide. This input is very small relative to the flux of solar energy but may exceed that from wind. Some obvious physical consequences of this additional energy input include the development of intertidal habitats, the...

In the advanced stages of osteoarthritis cystic formations are frequently encountered, ranging in size from that of a pin-point to that of a cherry. They occur mainly in relation to the weight-bearing joints, and in those regions of the articular surface that are subjected to a major load and where, in advanced osteoarthritis, the cartilaginous surface has been either entirely or largely worn a...

Two classes of relatively simple algorithms have been found to be very effective for unsupervised feature learning: 1) sparse coding that minimizes the reconstruction error, and 2) clustering that captures the data distribution. Coates et al. (2011) analyzed the performance of several off-the-shelf feature learning algorithms, such as, sparse auto-encoders, sparse RBMs, k-means clustering, and ...