BACKGROUND Opium addiction alters immune responses to stresses such as an injury due to changing the secretion of cytokines. The present study assessed the effect of opium addiction on the cytokines [tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and IL-10] before and after laparotomy. METHODS Male rats were randomly divided into control and opium addicted (n = 20...

Opium is a drug being used in modern medicine as well as in homeopathy. Despite of the same source, both the pathies have different principles and indications. Opium is an alkaloid having main action on CNS. So in this study, we evaluated the effect of different dilutions of Opium in homeopathic potencies on CNS in mice and compared with that of Pentazocine. We divided forty mice of either sex ...

Students always look surprised when, lecturing on drug policy, I state that the international aspects of drug control policy are more significant than the domestic ones. People know about the history of the midnineteenth-century Chinese opium wars and Britain's apparent "foisting" of opium on the Chinese. But the rest is a blank. The existence since the First World War of a system of internatio...

the marked shift in the patterns of drug use in iran, from opium smoking to injecting drug use, has led to serious health-related outcomes. this study was designed to explore characteristics of people who inject drugs (pwid) in tehran, iran. nine hundred and four pwid were recruited from treatment and harm reduction facilities, as well as drug user hangouts in public areas in tehran. participan...

This essay examines De Quincey's representation of opium ‘addiction’ in the cross-cultural context Britain and China light recent revisionist medical discussions addiction dependence, historical writing about use nineteenth-century China. user is compared to that China's first ‘city novel’, Courtesans Opium: Romantic Illusions Fool Yangzhou believed have been written 1848 (trans 2009). In this ...

passages occurring in ' Ain-i-akbari \ Its use appears to have been started because of its power of allaying dikrrhcea and vomiting, relieving cough and pains, such as colic, and producing sleep. Dr. Roberts in the Report of the Royal Commission on Opium (1893-94) stated that administration of opium to infants was common and that it was considered a popular household remedy for their ailments. ...

Several sub-committees are reporting on the work that has been done since the last meeting of the Health Committee in June, 1923. Thus the Opium Sub-Committee?made up of members of the Opium and Health Committees?has undertaken an inquiry into the average amounts of opium and dangerous drugs required by each country annually for medical and scientific purposes, and the best way of pursuing furt...

For centuries, the word "addiction" meant being "given over" or devoted to something. However, the 19th century temperance and anti-opium movements used it in a more restrictive way, linking "addiction" to drugs, to illness or vice, and to withdrawal symptoms and tolerance. Both the traditional and restrictive meanings survived into the present. In the ensuing uncertainty about its meaning, som...

Opium addiction and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) are endemic in different parts of Iran, particularly in Bam, where a massive earthquake occurred. This study was designed to compare the incidence rate and severity of CL cases among opium addicted and non-addicted individuals in south-eastern Iran. This study was carried out as a prospective cohort by active house-to-house visits of 1,481 habita...