From the perspective of nonlinear science, it is argued that one may accept physicalism and reject substance dualism without being forced into reductionism. This permits a property dualism under which biological and mental phenomena may emerge from intricate positive feedback networks, involving many levels of both the biological and cognitive hierarchies.

richard mckay rorty (1932-2007) is the american neo-pragmatist. criticizing the prevalent issues of traditional philosophy such as truth, knowledge, objectivity, logic and philosophy, he considers epistemology a modern subject which emerged via forging the mind by rene descartes. in his view, separation of mind–body is an unprecedented matter created in descartes philosophy. he thinks that, i...

Physicalism -like other isms -has meant different things to different people. The main physicalistic thesis I will discuss here is the claim that all occurrences supervene on physical occurrences -that the physical events and states of affairs at a time determine everything that happens at that time. This synchronic claim has been discussed most in the context of the mind/body problem, but it i...

Emergentism comprises two theses: (1) there is no such thing as a pure spiritual mental being because there is nothing that can have a mental property without having a physical property, and (2) whatever mental properties an entity may have, they emerged from, depend on and are determined by matter. For Christian physicalists, the view of the human person in Scripture is accordingly monistic. U...