Bacillus subtilis spores have been used as safe and heat-resistant antigen delivery vectors. Nonetheless, the oral administration of spores typically induces weak immune responses to the passenger antigens, which may be attributed to the fast transit through the gastrointestinal tract. To overcome this limitation, we have developed B. subtilis spores capable of binding to the gut epithelium by ...

BACKGROUND Mycobacterium chelonae is an important human pathogen and should be considered when a physician is faced with nonhealing cutaneous wounds, including ulcers of the lower leg. METHODS The medical literature was searched from 1965 to the present using the key words "Mycobacterium chelonae" and "leg ulcers." A case of Mycobacterium chelonae infection is reported. RESULTS AND CONCLUSI...

Although much is known about the virulence of Helicobacter pylori, the transmission pathways for this bacterium are still unresolved. Transmission has been addressed through: (1) prevalence within families; (2) detection in fecal/oral environments; (3) detection in the abiotic/biotic environment; and (4) direct inference from strain similarity. Here, we review the molecular and biochemical meth...

Various posts COVID-19 complications have been reported recently in the patients. However, there is still a dilemma about whether this oral manifestation occurred due to corona virus infection or secondary factors resulting from patient’s systemic condition. These conditions patient diagnosed after discharge. The pathogen responsible for pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2)...

Major obstacles to improving the prognosis of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are the acquisition of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and development of metastases. Recently, inflammatory signals are suggested to be one of the most important factors in modulating chemoresistance and establishing metastatic lesions. In addition, epidemiological studies have demonstrated th...

In April and November of 2018, multiple commercial laying hen flocks within the same company presented with a sharp increase in mortality drop egg production that persisted for several days. These showed striking necropsy lesions consistent systemic infection responded to antimicrobial treatment feed. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) was most frequently isolated organism from tissues including comb w...

The innate immune response is critical for the epithelial antimicrobial barrier. The human beta-defensins are small, cationic antimicrobial peptides that are made by epithelial cells and that play a role in mucosal and skin defenses. Human beta-defensin 1 (hBD-1) is expressed constitutively in epithelial tissues, whereas hBD-2 and hBD-3 are expressed in response to bacterial stimuli or inflamma...

Macrophages (MΦs) determine oral mucosal responses; mediating tolerance to commensal microbes and food whilst maintaining the capacity to activate immune defences to pathogens. MΦ responses are determined by both differentiation and activation stimuli, giving rise to two distinct subsets; pro-inflammatory M1- and anti-inflammatory/regulatory M2- MΦs. M2-like subsets predominate tolerance induct...