We established conditions for inducing antigen-specific tolerance in Th2 lymphocytes by means of oral tolerance. Mice were continuously exposed to ovalbumin in their drinking water for a minimal period of 20 days and then immunized against antigen in either complete Freund's adjuvant or Al(OH)3. This feeding regimen tolerized both Th2 and Th1 responses as shown by diminished proliferation, cyto...

The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of undiagnosed impaired glucose homeostasis in hypertensive subjects in the general population. The most reasonable screening strategy for glucose disorders was also assessed. We carried out an oral glucose tolerance test for 1106 hypertensive subjects aged 45 to 70 years without previously diagnosed diabetes or cardiovascular disease. ...

The oral glucose tolerance test and meal tolerance test are common clinical tests of the glucose-insulin system. Several mathematical models have been suggested as means to extract information about beta-cell function from data from oral tolerance tests. Any such model needs to be fairly simple but should at the same time be linked to the underlying biology of the insulin-secreting beta-cells. ...

21 The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and meal tolerance test are common clinical tests of the 22 glucose-insulin system. Several mathematical models have been suggested as means to extract 23 information about beta-cell function from data from oral tolerance tests. Any such model needs 24 necessarily to be fairly simple but should at the same time be linked to the underlying biology of the...

There is considerable evidence that regulatory cytokines play an important role in mediating the systemic tolerance found after oral administration of protein Ags. Although most existing work has focused on cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-beta, recent evidence from TCR transgenic systems suggests that the induction of oral tolerance is accompanied by priming of Ag-specific IFN-gamma prod...

AIM To determine if the previously published clinical criteria for identifying glucokinase monogenic diabetes [GCK gene mutation in maturity-onset diabetes of the young (GCK-MODY)], an elevated antenatal fasting blood glucose of 5.5-8.0 mmol/l, an increment of < 4.6 mmol/l at 2 h in an oral glucose tolerance test and slim are applicable in a large multi-ethnic cohort of women with gestational d...

Evidence is accumulating that dendritic cells (DCs) from the intestines have the capacity to induce Foxp3(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells (T-regs) and regulate immunity versus tolerance in the intestines. However, the contribution of DCs to controlling immunity versus tolerance in the oral cavity has not been addressed. Here, we report that DCs from the oral cavity induce Foxp3(+) T-regs as well as...

Our previous studies have shown that Peyer's patches (PPs) play a key role in the induction of oral tolerance. Therefore, we hypothesized that PPs are an important site for Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β signaling and sought to prove that this tissue is of importance in oral tolerance induction. We found that expression of TGF-β type II receptor (TGFβRII) by CD4(+) T cells increases and per...

The cholera-like enterotoxins (CLETS), cholera toxin (CT) and Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LT), are powerful mucosal adjuvants. Here we show that these toxins also induce a long-lived blockade (of at least 6 months) on the induction of oral tolerance when they are coadministered with the antigen ovalbumin. Strikingly, only enzymatically active CLETS induced this blockade on the induction...

The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is expressed in various tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract. To investigate the role of gut CaSR on glycemic control, we examined whether single oral administration of CaSR agonist peptides affected the glycemic response in rats. Glucose tolerance tests were performed under oral or duodenal administration of various CaSR agonist peptides (γGlu-Cys, ...