Microspectrophotometry was used to determine the absorbance spectra of both rod and cone visual pigments and oil droplets from the retinae of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) and rhea (Rhea americana). Light and fluorescence microscopy of whole fresh tissue mounts were used to determine the relative numbers and distribution of oil droplets in the retinae. Both species possessed rods, double cones...

The present study investigated the distribution of nerves in the oviduct of the sexually immature ostrich. The presence of protein gene product 9.5, neurofilament protein and neuron specific enolase nerve fibres were demonstrated in the infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, shell gland and vagina. Nerve fibres containing protein gene product 9.5, neuron specific enolase and neurofilament protein were ...

The paranasal air sinuses and nasal cavities were studied along with other cephalic spaces (brain cavity, paratympanic sinuses) in certain dinosaurs via CT scanning and 3D visualization to document the anatomy and examine the contribution of the sinuses to the morphological organization of the head as a whole. Two representatives each of two dinosaur clades are compared: the theropod saurischia...

Starting from the biomechanics principle, the three-dimensional (3D) composite model of ostrich foot locomotion system was established using dissection, medical scan modelling, reverse engineering (RE) and finite element (FE) analysis technology. Simulation calculation on the model under three groups of different loads was performed. Meanwhile, plantar pressure test on the in vitro ostrich foot...

In this study from 58 of 4 month male and female ostrich with 3 pieces of dead ostrich during 24 hours and 8 ostrich with dangerous general conditions history of manufactured flock have gotten after prime survey about farm condition, lack of enough space, unsuitable availability to drinkers and feeders and most important, lack of suitable litter for breeding and increase of stress to birds were...

The wet chemical analysis of feed samples is time consuming and expensive. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was developed as a rapid technique to predict the chemical composition of feeds. The prediction of accuracy of NIRS relies heavily on obtaining a calibration set which represents the variation in the main population, accurate laboratory analyses and the application of the best mathematic...

Clostridium difficileisa binding warm-positive rod and anaerobic organism, which was first described in 1935 as Bacillus difficile. Epidemiology of CDI has changed considerably on 2000. Occurrence and severity of the disease  including ulcerative colitis(inflammation of the colon), colectomy(colon section) and mortality had increased. Recent studies have reported Clostridium difficile prevalenc...

Background: Meat species adulteration has become a problem of concern. This study aimed to compare two previously published multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) methods for meat species authentication.  Methods: The primers used in the first multiplex PCR involved species-specific reverse primer for sheep, goat, cattle, pig, and donkey with universal forward primer. In the second multiple...