With data from 12 coupled models in the 4th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR4), climate under year 2000 greenhouse gas (GHG) + aerosol forcing was compared with climate under pre-industrial conditions. In the tropical Pacific, the warming in the mean sea surface temperatures (SST) was found to have an El Niño-like pattern, while both the equatorial zon...

Experiments with the coupled climate model CLIMBER-3a, which contains an oceanic general circulation model, show deep upwelling in the Southern Ocean to be proportional to the surface wind stress in the latitudinal band of Drake Passage. At the same time, the distribution of the Southern Ocean upwelling onto the oceanic basins is controlled by buoyancy distribution; the inflow into each basin b...

[1] We explore the potential predictability of rapid changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) using a coupled global climate model (HadCM3). Rapid changes in the temperature and salinity of surface water in the Nordic Seas, and the flow of dense water through Denmark Strait, are found to be precursors to rapid changes in the model’s MOC, with a lead time of around 10 yea...

Abstract Many vehicles in urban and suburban environment are occupied just by one passenger, i.e. a driver. Therefore, it is worth to think about vehicles, which would be smaller lighter include environmental-friendly power source. One such vehicle the presented three-wheeled electric vehicle. This designed for passenger powered an ecologic powertrain. necessary research its driving properties....

The crosswind stability against overturning is a major design criterion for high speed railway vehicles. Due to the increasing interoperability in Europe it has also become an important international task. In recent years efforts have been made to derive an uniform rule in certifying railway vehicles. In this case especially probabilistic methods have been proposed which are common design crite...

Glacial periods exhibit abrupt Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) climatic oscillations that are thought to be linked to instabilities in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Great uncertainty remains regarding the dynamics of the DO cycle, as well as controls on the timing and duration of individual events. Using ice core data we show that the duration of warm (interstadial) periods is...

This study investigates Arctic climate variability during a period of extreme warmth using the Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3) coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model. Four midCretaceous simulations were completed with different CO2 levels (1, 10, and 16 times preindustrial levels with dynamic vegetation) and vegetation treatments (10 times with specified uniform ba...

The RAPID array uses standard observational techniques — moored instruments that measure conductivity, temperature and pressure, as well as bottom pressure recorders — to measure density and pressure gradients across the North Atlantic, from which one can readily calculate the basin overturning circulation [1] and heat transport [2]. Although straightforward to implement, it is less obvious how...