Today, in adult cardiology, the efficacy of beta blockers in patients with congestive heart failure is well established. Beta blockers, as a drug class, provide mortality benefits in comparison with placebo, or standard treatment, in patients with mild to severe heart failure. However, 40 years after Waagstein's first reports in adults and 20 years after our reports in infants with congenital h...

Integrated care pathways specify and evaluate clinical practice and can improve patient care.' They use multidisciplinary guidelines to develop and implement clinical plans which represents current, local best practice for specific conditions. They may also incorporate national guidelines,' evidence based medicine,3" and benchmarking.5 Pathways are divided into time intervals during which speci...

Association of Cardiovascular Surgeons Russia Russian Society Cardiology (RSC) Pediatric Cardiologists Scientific Specialists in X-Ray Endovascular Diagnostics and Treatment All-Russian Public Organization for the Promotion Radiation Therapy "Russian Radiologists Radiologists". Task Force members declared no financial support/conflicts interest. If conflicts interest were reported, member(s) wo...