The incidence of dental fluorosis in Sudan ranges from 4.5–100% depending on the fluoride level in potable water. The present study was designed to determine the maximum safe level for fluoride in potable water under the conditions currently prevailing in the affected areas using the Galagan and Vermillion equation which permits the calculation of the upper permissible fluoride level as a funct...

Exposure of workers to mixtures of organic solvents and to occupational noise is frequent in a number of industries. Recent studies suggest that exposure to both can cause a more severe hearing loss than exposure to noise alone. Our cross-sectional study included 411 workers of a large automobile plant divided in three groups. The first group included assembly workers exposed to noise alone; th...

AIM We established a monitoring system for the annual follow-up of blood chemistry data obtained by the National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan. METHODS Blood chemistry testing has been entrusted to SRL Inc. We used two external quality control assurance programs established by the Japan Medical Association (JMA) and by CDC/CRMLN during the previous 8-year period. Ten analytes were meas...

The study was done to assess the phytochemicals (flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannin, alkaloids, and phenol) in different parts (root, stem, and leaves) of Ballota nigra and correlated it to inhibition of microbes (bacteria and fungi), protozoan (Leishmania), and heavy metals toxicity evaluation. In root and stem flavonoids, terpenes and phenols were present in ethanol, chloroform, and eth...

Many geoengineering projects have been proposed to address climate change, including both solar radiation management and carbon removal techniques. Some of these methods would introduce additional compounds into the atmosphere or the ocean. This poses a difficult conundrum: Is it permissible to remediate one pollutant by introducing a second pollutant into a system that has already been damaged...

Although the lot size problem (i.e., the economic order quantity model) has been widely accepted and used by researchers and practitioners, it has also been criticized by others on the grounds that not accounting for some of the hidden costs in inventory systems often lead to poor results. This paper postulates that estimating these hidden costs may be attained by applying the first and second ...