Due to some common or similar features (e.g., small leaf, spurless, yellow flower), three Chinese species of the genus Epimedium (Berberidaceae), E. ecalcaratum, E. platypetalum, and E. campanulatum, are controversial based on morphological characteristics. In the present study, the descriptions of morphological characteristics for the three species were revised based on extensive studies and o...

PETAL LOSS is a new class of flower development gene whose mutant phenotype is confined mostly to the second whorl. Two properties are disrupted, organ initiation and organ orientation. Initiation is frequently blocked, especially in later-formed flowers, or variably delayed. The few petals that arise occupy a wider zone of the flower primordium than normal. Also, a minority of petals are trump...

3D flower models are important components for impressive virtual reality environments. However, flowers’ leaves or petals are 3D free curved-surfaces and they are very difficult to model. We present a user interface with which the user can easily model flowers using freehand sketches. The user interfaces for generation, transformation, and copy are specialized to model leaves and petals, and th...

A study was undertaken to compare the anatomy of the laminar floral parts with that of the spathes and leaves of Commelina erecta L. Each flower has two types of petals and two types of sepals. In contrast to the other organs, the petals have a completely open venation system whose vein endings consist solely of modified bundle-sheath cells. Bundle sheaths of leaves and spathes, but not the flo...

The Loropetalum chinense and var. rubrum are typical as well traditional ornamental Chinese herbal medicines in Asia; however, more information is needed on the mechanisms underlying their flower coloring. Here, we profiled flavonoid metabolome carried out full-length sequencing addition to transcriptome analyses investigate biosynthesis global changes among different petal coloring cultivars o...

saffron (crocus sativus) is the most valuable and indigenous crop in iran. the stigmas of flower are used as a popular natural flavouring, colouring and medicinal agent. however, the market suffers from frauds in this plant such as mixing with safflower petals due to high profit. identification of these frauds with conventional and biochemical methods is difficult and low sensitive. therefore, ...

Putrescine uptake and the kinetics of this uptake were studied in petals of Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl. Uptake experiments of [(3)H] or [(14)C] putrescine were done on single petals at room temperature at various pH values. The results show that putrescine uptake occurs against a concentration gradient at low external putrescine concentration (0.5-100 micromolar) and follows a concentration gra...

Chlorophylless flower petals are known to be composed of non-photosynthetic tissues. Here, we show that the light energy storage that can be photoacoustically measured in flower petals of Petunia hybrida is approximately 10-12%. We found that the supposed chlorophylless photosynthesis is an anoxygenic, anthocyanin-dependent process occurring in blue flower petals (ADAPFP), accompanied by non-re...

While stress is expected to increase developmental instability (DI), not all studies confirm this. This heterogeneity could in part be due to the use of subtle differences between the left and right side of bilateral symmetrical organisms to quantify DI, leading to large sampling error obscuring associations with DI. Traits that develop simultaneously more than twice (such as flower petals or b...

The sequential separation of male and female function in flowers of dichogamous species allows for the evolution of differing morphologies that maximize fitness through seed siring and seed set. We examined staminate- and pistillate-phase flowers of protandrous Saponaria officinalis for dimorphism in floral traits and their effects on pollinator attraction and seed set. Pistillate-phase flowers...