The aim of this paper is to evaluate the long-run effects of the minimum reference price (MRP) policy adopted recently in Italy in order to contain drug expenditure. This evaluation is based upon an econometric model of the demand for drugs in Italy, based on data covering the period from 1963 to 1994. With this model we can assess not only the effects of the MRP policy on expenditure trends, b...

The main objective of the paper is to develop an econometric model to forecast box-office revenue of motion pictures. Considering the importance demand for new products, marketing researches have developed various demand forecasting models. However, these models forecast future demands based on either several months of initial sales data after new product introduction or the survey data on cust...

Wild plant raw material is in great demand around the world for use by pharmaceutical companies, ethnomedicinal practitioners, and a variety of traditional medicines. India is one of the world’s major exporters of raw herbal drugs and the Himalayas are renowned for their vast storehouse of medicinal plants. The domestic and international demand is met mainly through unsustainable in-situ harves...

For the past one decade, there has been an enhanced demand for more patient-friendly and compliant dosage forms. As a result, the demand for developing new technologies has been increasing annually. Orally disintegrating films (ODF) have carved a niche amongst the oral drug delivery systems due to their high patient compliance[1-3]. United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) defined the...

indole is a nitrogen-containing heterocycle. it is a very important motif in agriculture and pharmacy. many compounds containing indole moiety has been isolated form nature. it is also an important part in natural alkaloids. tryptophan is an amino acid which posses indole. 3-sustituted indoles are the main group of its derivatives. because the wide-spread application of 3-substituted indolic co...

It is commonly argued that in recent years pharmaceutical companies have directed their R&D towards small improvements of existing compounds instead of more risky drastic innovations. In this paper we show that the proliferation of these small innovations is likely to be linked to the lack of market sensitivity of a part of the demand to changes in prices. Compared to their social contribution,...

A new obstacle for HIV-infected people is the rising cost of anti-HIV drugs. Some manufacturers are pricing drugs, based on market demand, not production costs. Over time this practice may put many important drugs out of the reach of federally funded programs, and increase concerns about public money earmarked for AIDS. AZT (Zidovudine, Retrovir), was initially marketed at a high price, but the...

Textile dye industry waste is one of the most serious problems in the environment. The dye wastes are severely deleterious to surface water bodies. The present study was an attempt for the assessment of different physicochemical parameters such as pH, temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Solids (TS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), ...

There is recent trend of providing additional treatment of wastewater beyond tertiary level. The purpose is to refine water to a quality that is safe for reuse for unrestricted irrigation and other non potable uses. For this purpose Kuwait has built and operated an advanced wastewater treatment plant with present capacity of 500,000 m/d. This plant providing treatment beyond tertiary utilizes t...