Many imaging techniques, e.g., magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), yield phase images. In these, each pixel retrieves the phase up to a modulo-2π rad ambiguity, i.e., the phase wrapped around the principal interval [−π π(. Phase unwrapping (PU) is, then, a crucial operation to obtain absolute phase, which is what embodies physical information. If the phase difference between neighbor pixels is le...

Many imaging techniques, e.g., interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), yield phase images. In these, generally, each pixel retrieves the phase up to a modulo-2π rad ambiguity, i.e., the phase wrapped around the principal interval [−π π[. Phase unwrapping (PU) is, then, a crucial operation to obtain absolute phase, which is where physical informati...

American Sign Language famously disambiguates pronoun antecedents with the use of space. In ASL, both referential and quantificational NPs can be signed at different locations (‘loci’) in the signing space. Pronouns can later retrieve these NPs by pointing at the same locus. Many analyses of ASL pronouns assume that these spatial loci are the overt realization of formal variables (Lillo-Martin ...

The scalar particle mo in Japanese gives rise to ambiguity in negative contexts. In this paper we argue that the ambiguity cannot be accounted for as a scopal ambiguity, and propose a lexical ambiguity account. In particular, we observe that the distribution of the small reading of mo is limited to a subset of NPI licensing environments, and is sensitive to presuppositions, from which we conclu...

Consider the following choice problem, known as “Ellsberg’s three-color urn example”, or simply the “Ellsberg Paradox” (Ellsberg [7]). An urn contains 30 red balls, and 60 green and blue balls, in unspecified proportions; subjects are asked to compare (i) a bet on a red draw vs. a bet on a green draw, and (ii) a bet on a red or blue draw vs. a bet on a green or blue draw. If the subject wins a ...

We present a phase-imaging method with an axial range that can in principle be arbitrarily large compared to the wavelength and does not involve the usual phase unwrapping by detection of phase discontinuity. The method consists of the generation and combination of two phase maps in a digital holography system by use of two separate wavelengths. For example, we reconstructed the surface of a sp...

We examine the quantization of the motion of two charged vortices in a Ginzburg–Landau theory for the fractional quantum Hall effect recently proposed by the first two authors. The system has two second-class constraints which can be implemented either in the reduced phase space or Dirac–Gupta–Bleuler formalism. Using the intrinsic formulation of statistics, we show that these two ways of imple...

Global positioning system (GPS) data processing algorithms typically improve positioning solution accuracy by fixing double-differenced phase bias ambiguities to integer values. These “double-difference ambiguity resolution” methods usually invoke linear combinations of GPS carrier phase bias estimates from pairs of transmitters and pairs of receivers, and traditionally require simultaneous mea...