AMIGA (Auger Muons and Infill for the Ground Array) is an upgrade of the Pierre Auger Observatory designed to extend its energy range of detection and to directly measure the muon content of the cosmic ray primary particle showers. The array will be formed by an infill of surface water-Cherenkov detectors associated with buried scintillation counters employed for muon counting. Each counter is ...

AMIGA (Auger Muons and Infill for the Ground Array) is an upgrade of the Pierre Auger Observatory designed to extend its energy range of detection and to directly measure the muon content of the cosmic ray primary particle showers. The array will be formed by an infill of surface water-Cherenkov detectors associated with buried scintillation counters employed for muon counting. Each counter is ...

The CALIFA spectrometer, which surrounds the RB target, will be used for detection of gamma-rays and highenergy protons. Of particular interest for this detector the energy resolution and its dependence on different configurations and components has to be studied. Cs(Tl) crystals with photomultiplier tubes (PMT) or avalanchephotodiodes (APD) readout as well as LaBr3(Ce) so far with PMT readout ...

Light which enters a photomultiplier tube is detected and produces an output signal through the following processes. (1) Light passes through the input window. (2) Light excites the electrons in the photocathode so that photoelectrons are emitted into the vacuum (external photoelectric effect). (3) Photoelectrons are accelerated and focused by the focusing electrode onto the first dynode where ...

Throughout LHC (Large Hadron Collider) Run 2, the LUCID detector, that is located 10 cm from beampipe on both sides of interaction point (17 m z axis), has been reference luminosity detector for ATLAS experiment, providing on-line and off-line measurement with high stability a preliminary uncertainty about 1.7%. For high-luminosity LHC, new equipment more demanding precision requirements beam c...