A numerical method combining complex-k band calculations and absorbing boundary conditions for Bloch waves is presented. We use this method to study photonic crystals with Dirac cones. We demonstrate that the photonic crystal behaves as a zero-index medium when excited at normal incidence, but that the zero-index behavior is lost at oblique incidence due to excitation of modes on the flat band....

We demonstrate on-chip, single-mode, waveguiding of light in air for a variety of 2D-3D photonic band gap (PBG) heterostructures. These include square spiral, woodpile, slanted pore, and inverse opal three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals intercalated with a 2D (planar) photonic crystal microchip. Design rules are established to yield maximal single-mode waveguiding bandwidths of up to roughl...

We present a fast, novel method for building porous silicon-based silicon-on-insulator photonic crystals in which a periodic modulation of the refractive index is built by alternating different electrochemical etching currents. The morphology and reflectance spectra of the photonic crystals, prepared by the proposed method, are investigated. The scanning electron micrograph and atomic force mic...

This work describes the combination of photolithography and self-assembly methods for fabrication of 3D photonic crystals (PCs) with well-defined micron-scale line defects embedded in the PCs. Line defects with different dimensions, shapes, and compositions have been introduced into the 3D PCs by choosing different photoresists, masks, and template-directed assembly techniques. Infiltration of ...

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The cover scales on the wing of the Emerald-patched Cattleheart butterfly, Parides sesostris, contain gyroid-type biological photonic crystals that brightly reflect green light. A pigment, which absorbs maximally at approximately 395 nm, is immersed predominantly throughout the elaborate upper lamina. This pigment acts as a long-pass filter shaping the reflectance spectrum of the underlying pho...

Although light propagation in weakly modulated photonic crystals is basically similar to propagation in a diffraction grating in which conventional refractive index loses its meaning, we demonstrate that light propagation in strongly modulated two-dimensional ~2D!/3D photonic crystals becomes refractionlike in the vicinity of the photonic bandgap. Such a crystal behaves as a material having an ...

We have developed new methods for the fabrication of high quality two-dimensional ~2D! and three-dimensional ~3D! photonic crystals. These techniques involve anisotropic etching and steam oxidation of AlAs mask layers. We have made manufacturable 2D photonic crystals with high aspect ratios for use as micropolarizers and have measured extinction ratios larger than 800 to 1 between TE and TM mod...

We have investigated the electromagnetic properties of a 3D wire mesh in a geometry resembling covalently bonded diamond. The frequency and wave vector dispersion show forbidden bands at those frequencies n0, corresponding to the lattice spacing, just as dielectric photonic crystals do. But they have a new forbidden band which commences at zero frequency and extends, in our geometry, to , 12 n0...

Photonic crystals provide a tunable electromagnetic environment for controlling the interaction between light and matter. The main theme of this thesis concerns the development of technologies to control this interaction in planar photonic crystals. Work in this area has become possible by advances in three key areas. First, desktop computers have become sufficiently powerful to simulate Maxwel...