Languages evolve in time according to a process in which reproduction, mutation and extinction are all possible. This is very similar to haploid evolution for asexual organisms or for mtDNA of complex ones. Exploiting this similarity it is possible, in principle, to verify hypotheses concerning their relationship. The key point is the definition of the distance among pairs of languages in analo...

All the taxonomy databases constructed with the DNA databases of the international DNA data banks are powerful electronic dictionaries which aid in biological research by computer. The taxonomy databases are, however not consistently unified with a relational format. If we can achieve consistent unification of the taxonomy databases, it will be useful in comparing many research results, and inv...

Do phylogenies and branch lengths based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) provide a reasonable approximation to those based on multiple nuclear loci? In the present study, we show widespread discordance between phylogenies based on mtDNA (two genes) and nuclear DNA (nucDNA; six loci) in a phylogenetic analysis of the turtle family Emydidae. We also find an unusual type of discordance involving the u...

To determine the genetic diversity, origins, and the phylogeography of Chinese dairy goats, we analyzed 162 complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Dloop sequences from 9 dairy goat breeds and compared them with 8 goat sequences that were previously reported in GenBank. The length of the mtDNA D-loop was 1,212 to 1,215 bp, and 97 polymorphic sites were identified. We also defined 62 haplotypes, incl...

The decision as to whether two texts were written by the same author is usually a difficult one. Can an analysis of how the words in a text statistically cluster shed some light on authorship? In this paper we examine both English texts and the Greek source texts of the New Testament. The mathematical techniqes developed by Shannon [1,2] and Markov have been used for a number of years to analys...

results the present work figured out that the heterogeneity of the quasispecies of our local strains 4a was high showing up 15% diversity. this study also showed four glycosylation sites that play an important role in the entry of the virus and protein folding. besides, different epitpoes were identified in different regions of the e1 and e2 domains; a finding which would help in determining th...

peanut plants showing mottling, yellow and necrotic spots on leaves were collected from peanut fields in golestan province. electron microscopic studies revealed the presence of flexuous filamentous particles ca. 700 nm in length, which was suggestive of a potyvirus infection. healthy nicotiana benthamiana plants mechanically inoculated with sap from infected peanut plants showed mottling, down...

Wendel for helpful comments on the ms., Anna Goebel for discussions of patterns of sequence evolution, and D. Swofford for permission to use the test version of PAUP*. One of the advantages frequently cited for the use of DNA sequence data in phylogeny reconstruction is that explicit models of character evolution, based on our understanding of sequence evolution, may be incorporated into the an...

Comprehensive data of protein interactions are suitable for large-scale identifications of functional units such as protein complexes and pathways. There have been the preceding studies to identify the functional units mainly by graph approaches and by co-expression. In this poster presentation, we propose the evolutionary approaches to identify the functional units in yeast protein interaction...

Nucleic acid phylogenetic profiling (NAPP) classifies coding and non-coding sequences in a genome according to their pattern of conservation across other genomes. This procedure efficiently distinguishes clusters of functional non-coding elements in bacteria, particularly small RNAs and cis-regulatory RNAs, from other conserved sequences. In contrast to other non-coding RNA detection pipelines,...