In two studies, the author attempts to develop a general symbol theoretical approach to knowledge representation. The first study, Modeling change the frame problem, critically exam­ ines the so far unsuccessful attempts to solve the notorious frame problem. By discussing and analyzing a number of related problems the prediction problem, the revision problem, the qualification problem, and the ...

X-ray crystallography is currently the most common way protein structures are elucidated. One of the most time-consuming steps in the crystallographic process is interpretation of the electron density map, a task that involves finding patterns in a three-dimensional picture of a protein. This paper describes DEFT (DEFormable Template), an algorithm using pictorial structures to build a flexible...

This paper examines the contribution ofcross-cultural studies to our understanding ofthe perception and representation of space. A cross-cultural survey of the basic difficulties in understanding pictures ranging from the failure to recognise a picture as a representation to the inability to recognise the object represented in the picture indicates that similar daculties occur in pictorial and ...

“Pictorial space” is the mental structure that appears to be the scaffold for the visual awareness when looking “into” (as opposed to “at”) a picture. Its structure differs from the “visual space” that is the scaffold for the visual awareness when looking into the scene in front of the observer. The structure of pictorial space has been probed empirically and explored theoretically. Here we pro...

We consider the task of visual zero-shot learning, in which a system must learn to recognize concepts omitted from the training set. While most prior work make use of linguistic cues to do this, we do so by using a pictorial language representation of the training set, implicitly learned by a CNN, to generalize to new classes. We first demonstrate the robustness of pictorial language classifier...

We investigated the effects of very brief pictorial information on transfer between the cerebral hemispheres through recordings of skin conductance responses. The pictorial stimuli had been judged previously as "neutral", "positive", or "negative" by an independent group of subjects. The verbally-available stimuli (VA) were neutral whereas the very brief, verbally-unavailable stimuli (VU) were ...