PURPOSE Despite international concerns about declining numbers of clinical researchers, the number of clinical researchers in Canada remains undocumented. METHODS The number and geographic distribution of clinical researchers in Canada and the scope of their research activities were estimated using, as an indicator, the data on clinical research projects funded by the Canadian Institutes for ...

Body fat changes and metabolic abnormalities such as hyperlipidaemia and diabetes have been increasingly reported following the successful introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). These side effects were attributed initially to the use of protease inhibitors (PIs). As a consequence, a series of trials were conducted where patients with well-controlled HIV viraemia either co...

BACKGROUND Adolescent depression is common and leads to distress and impairment for individuals/families. Treatment/prevention guidelines stress the need for good information and evidence-based psychosocial interventions. There has been growing interest in psychoeducational interventions (PIs), which broadly deliver accurate information about health issues and self-management. OBJECTIVE, METH...

Resistance genotyping provides an important resource for the clinical management of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, resistance to protease (PR) inhibitors (PIs) is a complex phenotype shaped by interactions among nearly half of the residues in HIV-1 PR. Previous studies of the genetic basis of PI resistance focused on fixed substitutions among popula...

BACKGROUND Although human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related morbidity and mortality rates in patients with advanced HIV infection who are treated with combination antiretroviral drugs have declined, significant metabolic adverse effects associated with these regimens have been increasingly recognized. However, since data from patients studied before and after initiation of protease inhibitor...

BACKGROUND Leishmania is the etiologic agent of leishmanisais, a protozoan disease whose pathogenic events are not well understood. Current therapy is suboptimal due to toxicity of the available therapeutic agents and the emergence of drug resistance. Compounding these problems is the increase in the number of cases of Leishmania-HIV coinfection, due to the overlap between the AIDS epidemic and...

This paper proposes that the emotion of shame is key to understanding appeal Poland’s ruling populist right-wing party, Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, or PiS). PiS employs in its strategy regulation mediated party communication pro-government media outlets. We suggest there are two pillars underpin support for PiS: (1) collective originates from perceived cultural inferiority Poland r...

Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is the major drug metabolic enzyme, and is involved in the metabolism of antiretroviral drugs, especially protease inhibitors (PIs). This study was undertaken to examine the effect of methamphetamine on the binding and metabolism of PIs with CYP3A4. We showed that methamphetamine exhibits a type I spectral change upon binding to CYP3A4 with δAmax and KD of 0.016±0.0...

Treatment is medical risk management. In treatment decisions, the relative risks of interventions have to be weighed against each other, with long-term irreversible untoward events being most important to avoid. Resistance development is such a deleterious long-term effect, especially with lower adherence, as it reduces the numbers of options for successful long-term viral suppression. It is le...

Due to error-prone RNA polymerase and the lack of proofreading mechanisms, to the spread worldwide and probable long-term presence in human population, HCV showed a high degree of inter- and intra-subtype genetic variability. Protease inhibitors (PIs), a new class of drugs, have been designed specifically on the HCV genotype 1 NS3 protease three-dimensional structure. The viral genetic barrier ...