Plant parasitic nematodes which are highly successful parasites evolved a very specialized feeding relationship with the host plant to cause the destructive root-knot disease. They initiate their parasitic relationship with the host by releasing their secretions into root cells which in turn stimulate the root cells of the host to become specialized feeding cells which are considered as the sin...

Based on the total production process of iron and steel plant, and with the general design requirements for the major operating units, the major operating sites’ overall layout relationship of the iron and steel plant is determined. Based on the production workshops, auxiliary plants, power plants, transportation facilities, the functions of departments, subsidiary production and living service...

Costs and benefits for partners in mutualistic interactions can vary greatly, but surprisingly little is known about the factors that drive this variation across systems. We conducted a meta-analysis of ant-plant protective mutualisms to quantify the effects of ant defenders on plant reproductive output, to evaluate if reproductive effects were predicted from reductions in herbivory and to iden...

The relationship between local population density and habitat area is an important factor in spatial population ecology. I examined how density dependence in the growth of local insect populations and their host plant patches, combined with patch birth and death, and insect dispersal affect the density–area relationship. I constructed a simulation model to examine the relationship for an insect...

Increasing evidence has shown that cytokinins (CKs) regulate plant drought acclimation/adaptation through a multistep phosphorelay pathway. Recent progress has allowed us to suggest a yin-and-yang-type relationship between CK homeostasis and acclimation/adaptation responses that modulates plant fitness and yields stability under drought through a complex network involving crosstalk with abscisi...

Soil microbes play key roles in ecosystems, yet the impact of their diversity on plant communities is still poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that the diversity of belowground plant-associated soil fungi promotes plant productivity and plant coexistence. Using additive partitioning of biodiversity effects developed in plant biodiversity studies, we demonstrate that this positive relationsh...

1. It is widely accepted that density-dependent processes play an important role in most natural populations. However, persistent challenges in our understanding of density-dependent population dynamics include evaluating the shape of the relationship between density and demographic rates (linear, concave, convex), and identifying extrinsic factors that can mediate this relationship. 2. I studi...

background :work ability assessment and its affecting factors are important in the field of occupational health. one of the factors affecting work ability is sleep disorder, which is very common among workers. therefore, the present study aimed to assess work ability and its relationship with sleep disorder in workers of a manufacturing plant.   methods : this cross- sectional study was conduct...

Premise of research. Pollen and spores (sporomorphs) are a valuable record of plant life and have provided information on subjects ranging from the nature and timing of evolutionary events to the relationship between vegetation and climate. However, sporomorphs can be morphologically similar at the species, genus, or family level. Studies of extinct plant groups in pre-Quaternary time often inc...