In this paper, we propose a new class of nonbinary polar codes with two-stage polarization, where the outer polarization (symbol-level polarization) kernel is a nonbinary matrix resembling Arıkan’s kernel, and the inner polarization (bit-level polarization) kernel is a properly designed binary matrix. The encoder/decoder of the proposed nonbinary polar codes have the same structure as the origi...

What do members of the general public know about polar regions, and how much do they care? Who knows or cares? This paper explores data from the General Social Survey (GSS), which in 2006 questioned a representative sample of more than 1800 U.S. adults about their knowledge and opinions concerning polar regions. The polar survey items were modeled on long-running GSS assessments of general scie...

A polar pattern is a circular graph that shows how sensitive a microphone is in different directions. Each “circular” division represents 5dB of sensitivity, so you can see where the microphone picks up the strongest to the weakest sounds at different points. On the graph below, 0 degrees shows the direction the microphone is facing. 90 and 270 degrees are the sides of the microphone and 180 de...

In Bombyx mori, polar body nuclei are observed until 9 h after egg lying, however, the fate of polar body nuclei remains unclear. To examine the fate of polar body nuclei, we employed a mutation of serosal cell pigmentation, pink-eyed white egg (pe). The heterozygous pe/+ (pe) females produced black serosal cells in white eggs, while pe/pe females did not produce black serosal cells in white eg...

Plant extracts may contain highly polar and/or highly non-polar substances which can interfere with the separation of pure compounds during isolation if they are present in a very high concentration. Commonly known examples of polar substances are carbohydrates, glycosides and amino acids, while non-polar substances include waxes, oils, sterols and chlorophylls (Klejdus et al. 1999). Preliminar...

This paper describes a method for obtaining metaphase chromosomes from human second polar bodies. The second polar body nucleus was injected into the cytoplasm of an enucleated oocyte, which is activated shortly after injection. When the polar body nucleus is transformed into a haploid pronucleus, treatment with okadaic acid was used to induce premature chromosome condensation. A total of 25 an...

The shapelets method for astronomical image analysis is based around the decomposition of localised objects into a series of orthogonal components with particularly convenient mathematical properties. We extend the “Cartesian shapelet” formalism from earlier work, and construct “polar shapelet” basis functions that separate an image into components with explicit rotational symmetries. This prov...

Musculoskeletal disorders are common in people who undertake adventure travel to the Antarctic, and in those who support them, because of the hard physical demands and lack of rest. This paper describes the successful use of acupuncture as first line treatment for ten patients in these circumstances, and comments on its advantages, particularly in its capacity to reduce the use of non-steroidal...

We survey progress in studies of ocean circulation, water mass formation, and ocean-ice interaction in both the Southern Ocean and the Arctic region during the period 1983-86. This review places emphasis on U.S. publications, but other significant work is included. It is not meant to be a complete synthesis of polar oceanography of the last four years, but rather to provide an overview of progr...