Many instruments can be used to measure radio frequency (RF) and microwave power. The most accurate one is a power sensor with a meter. The accuracy of RF and microwave power measurement depends on the accuracy of power sensor calibration. This chapter provides calibration methods of RF and microwave power sensor with system setup, modeling, equations, and analyses in different representations,...

state estimation is the foundation of any control and decision making in power networks. the first requirement for a secure network is a precise and safe state estimator in order to make decisions based on accurate knowledge of the network status. this paper introduces a new estimator which is able to detect bad data with few calculations without need for repetitions and estimation residual cal...

controlling is a very important function of every manager. controlling is based and closely related to planning or the first function of management. these two functions are so related to each other that may be viewed as the blades of a pair of scissors. the scissors can not work unless there are two blades. without plans, control is not possible. theoretically, the concept of concept of control...

This short course will present the state-of-the-art in understanding RF power phenomena that detrimentally affect space, aircraft and terrestrial communications. Dramatic increase in communications capacity, bandwidth, number of carriers and antennas poses new challenges in handling the high RF power. These problems become ever more acute and critical for emerging and future RF systems. The sho...

An acceptable quality of electrical energy is seen today as an important component of ecology. Several instruments for estimating the quality of electrical power have been elaborated. Each supplier assures that the instrument meets the applicable standards and that the uncertainty of the measurement results obtained using the instrument does not exceed the established levels. The accuracy of th...

“Stealthy” electric current probing technique for power electronics circuits, power device modules and chips makes it possible to measure electric current without any change or disassembling the circuit and the chip connection for the measurement. The technique consists of a tiny-scale magnetic-field coil, a high speed analog amplifier and a digitizer with numerical data processing. This techni...

The basic structure of a reactor physics laboratory environment simulation software, developed using object modeling technique (OMT), and based on the reactor point kinetic equation, is presented. Also, various capabilities of the simulator in teaching the fundamental concepts of reactor physics are discussed. &#10 In this virtual laboratory, student can perform seven different experiments...

This is a project report from the Power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSERC). PSERC is a multi-university Center conducting research on challenges facing a restructuring electric power industry and educating the next generation of power engineers. More information about PSERC can be found at the Center's website: Notice Concerning Copyright Material PSERC members are given permission to ...

The problem on measurement of power and energy in single-phase and three-phase networks is always very important. The accuracy and precision of measurement is of equal importance for both manufacturers and consumers. The general problem is to determine the uncertainty of the energy produced in a specified power station and delivered to different consumers. Measuring instruments used for energy ...