this research was conducted in the west forest of guilan, northern iran. data from various harvesting methods for 20 years were collected. results showed that, productivity rate of round wood, pulp wood and fuel wood has had an upward trend, while rate of traditional products (lumber, sawn wood, charcoal, etc.) has had a downward trend. production cost has been investigated in this research. th...

We study two firms that compete based on their price and lead-time decisions in a common market. We explore the impact of the decentralization of these decisions, as quoted by the marketing and production departments, respectively, comparing three scenarios: (i) Both firms are centralized, (ii) only one firm is centralized, (iii) both firms are decentralized. We find that under intense price co...

We provide the first analysis of potential competition in the generic drug industry. Our identification strategy exploits a provision of the Hatch-Waxman Act that rewards 180 days of marketing exclusivity to the first generic drug applicant against the holder of a branded drug patent. This provision creates observable drug-level variation in both actual and potential competition that allows us ...

This paper analyzes endogenous efficiency gains from mergers. It considers oligopolistic homogeneous good markets and duopolistic and triopolistic markets under product differentiation (quantity and price competition). In a two-stage game, firms invest in cost-reducing innovation (with and without mergers) and then compete in output/prices. It is found that in homogeneous good markets, all poss...

We consider a vertically related market where one quantity-setting and another price-setting downstream firm negotiate the terms of two-part tariff contract with an upstream input supplier. In contrast to traditional belief, we show that produces higher output earns profit than when bargaining is decentralised. Additionally, both firms produce same output, whereas under centralised.