Objectives The aim of this study is to assess the Generic Price Linkage system and the system that includes Generic Substitution and Reference Pricing by comparing prices of generics and originators and the number of generics entering the market in Austria and in Finland. Policies targeted: Generic Price Linkage, Generic Substitution, Reference Pricing. Stakeholders: Austria: Main Association o...

A customer-driven pricing and licensing model is a prerequisite for the business success of EuroDEM. Additionally, the implementation of the pricing and licensing model underpins the goals of INSPIRE and PSI Directives. EuroDEM is a pan-European geoinformation product that covers 40 countries in Europe. National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies own the DEM but EuroGeographics, whose activities fo...

This paper considers the advertising, pricing, and service decisions simultaneously to coordinate the supply chain with a manufacturer and a retailer. The amount of market demand is influenced by advertising, pricing and service decisions. In this paper, three well-known approaches to the game theory, including the Nash, the Stackelberg-retailer, and the cooperative game are exploited to study ...

We examine the effect of a market pricing policy designed to attract high-valued traders in a multiple market context using JCAT software. Our experiments show that a simple change to pricing policy can create market performance effects that traditional adaptive trading agents are unable to recognize or capitalize on, but that market-policy-aware trading agents can generally obtain. This sugges...

This contribution concerns itself with the potential of Usage-Based Pricing policies for smart products. We develop an analytical model of a supplier of machines and a customer that allows us to compare UsageBased Pricing to a traditional scheme with fixed prices, and to determine optimal solutions for both parties. Based on these findings, we discuss the value of UsageBased Pricing on an opera...

OBJECTIVES Pharmaceutical policies have become paramount in China and other countries of the Asia-Pacific region because of rapidly rising expenditures on drugs. The problems are especially acute in China because expenditures on drugs are typically so large. This article intends to review effects of the policy of drug expenditure containment with primary reference to China, and it proposes some...

The sports industry has seen a rapid adoption of dynamic pricing practices in recent years. However, there is still limited understanding on the effect of dynamic pricing on revenue in sport event settings and how to execute effective dynamic pricing strategies. In this paper, we address these issues by developing a comprehensive demand model for single-game ticket sales that can be used to pre...

Lately there is a transition in water management: policy makers leave aside traditional methods focused on additional-supply policies and focus on water conservation using demand control methods. Water Agencies use water-pricing policies as an instrument for controlling residential water demand. However, design and evaluation of a water-pricing policy is a complex task, as economic, social and ...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Thesis Structure and Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 CHAPTER 2. OPTIMAL PRICING AN...

France, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom each use different types of policies for controlling prescription drug spending. Until recent years, these policies have relied heavily on regulating prices charged by drug manufacturers, with different systems providing varying degrees of pricing freedom. While these policies appear to have brought some degree of price restraint, they have not pr...