Let {|ψ〉 , |φ〉} be an incomparable pair of states (|ψ〉 = |φ〉), i.e., |ψ〉 and |φ〉 cannot be transformed to each other with probability one by local transformations and classical communication (LOCC). We show that incomparable states can be multiple-copy transformable, i.e., there can exist a k, such that |ψ〉 → |φ〉, i.e., k+1 copies of |ψ〉 can be transformed to k + 1 copies of |φ〉 with probabilit...

The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test determines the consistency of empirical data with a particular probability distribution. Often, parameters in the distribution are unknown, and have to be estimated from the data. In this case, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test depends on the form of the particular probability distribution under consideration, even when the estimated parameter-values are used within the di...

We give an AM protocol that allows the verifier to sample elements x from a probability distribution P, which is held by the prover. If the prover is honest, the verifier outputs (x,P(x)) with probability close to P(x). In case the prover is dishonest, one may hope for the following guarantee: if the verifier outputs (x, p), then the probability that the verifier outputs x is close to p. Simple...

This study aims to find out the direct influence of digital competence, learning and development on achievement transformation joint between two transformation. research is a quantitative descriptive with population employees Directorat General Post Informatics Operation Ministry Communications Information. Sampling was carried using simple random sampling technique. The sample in this determin...

A theorem of McCann [15] shows that for any two absolutely continuous probability measures on Rd there exists a monotone transformation sending one probability measure to the other. A consequence of this theorem, relevant to statistics, is that density estimation can be recast in terms of transformations. In particular, one can fix any absolutely continuous probability measure, call it P, and t...

Abstract The conditional probability formula is supposed to reflect the correct updating of assignments when new information incorporated. Starting from a non-atomic measure, it proved that provides only transformed measure satisfying “minimum requirement” relational assumption. This result applies standard Bayesian parametric model.

Probability distributions can be read as simple expressions of information. Each continuous probability distribution describes how information changes with magnitude. Once one learns to read a probability distribution as a measurement scale of information, opportunities arise to understand the processes that generate the commonly observed patterns. Probability expressions may be parsed into fou...

Wavelet transformation is one of the most practical mathematical transformations in the field of image processing, especially image and signal processing. Depending on the nature of the multiresolution analysis, Wavelet transformation become more accessible and powerful tools. In this paper, we refer to the mathematical foundations of this transformation.   Introduction: The...

The aim of a probabilistic output analysis is to derive a probability distribution of possible output values for a program from a probability distribution of its input. We present a method for performing static output analysis, based on program transformation techniques. It generates a probability function as a possibly uncomputable expression in an intermediate language. This program is then a...