(Open) Standards Wars In “The Art of Standards Wars,” Robert Shapiro gives a brief overview of several major standards wars in business history. The oldest one he mentions is the battle over standard railroad gauge between the Northern and Southern United States. The development of railroads in the United States was done with little coordination, so that by 1860, there were seven different rail...

This paper models how a nation’s military manpower system affects the decision to go to war. Manpower systems differ primarily in how they distribute costs: the volunteer system shares the war’s manpower costs broadly, while the draft forces a subset of the population to bear a disproportionate share of the load. This difference affects an officeand policy-motivated politician’s decision to go ...

Iraq is suffering from depleted uranium (DU) pollution in many regions and the effects of this may harm public health through poisoning and increased incidence of various cancers and birth defects. DU is a known carcinogenic agent. About 1200 tonnes of ammunition were dropped on Iraq during the Gulf Wars of 1991 and 2003. As a result, contamination occurred in more than 350 sites in Iraq. Curre...

This chapter develops an analytical framework for new forms of information warfare that may threaten commercial and government computing systems by using e-collaboration in new ways. The framework covers (1) strategic model, (2) strategic arena, (3) e-collaboration, and (4) ethics and law. The framework then is used to compare two recorded instances of major hacker wars that erupted in the shad...

Nowadays, the medium of wars has changed dramatically from traditional wars to cyber wars. This shift has forced governments to invest more on their infrastructure and security solutions. This paper aims to propose a solution by which network administrators could easily monitor their networks and take action if they find there is any trace of intrusion from outside of the network. Firstly, an i...

Price wars are often used to promote products by competitors in the same business field. A price war started by 360buy.com in August 2012 has again aroused public concern and debate about price wars in China. In the short run, price wars are good for Internet customers to get products at lower prices and good for big e-commerce companies to enhance their corporate image. However, some behaviors...

INTRODUCTION We investigated the behavioral, respiratory, and thermoregulatory responses elicited by acute exposure to both hypercapnic and hypoxic environments in Wistar audiogenic rats (WARs). The WAR strain represents a genetic animal model of epilepsy. METHODS Behavioral analyses were performed using neuroethological methods, and flowcharts were constructed to illustrate behavioral findin...

This article examines the introduction of blood transfusion into general practice from the end of the First World War to the Second World War. Developments during most of this period were not the result of new discoveries but rather the spread of ideas and the establishment of donor organizations to secure an adequate blood supply. The identification, testing, and organization of potential dono...