The goal of this session is to review the physics of proton therapy, treatment planning techniques, and the use of volumetric imaging in proton therapy. The course material covers the physics of proton interaction with matter and physical characteristics of clinical proton beams. It will provide information on proton delivery systems and beam delivery techniques for double scattering (DS), unif...

Using hadronic Lagrangians that include the interaction of pentaquark Q+ baryon with K and N, we evaluate the cross sections for its production from meson-proton, proton-proton, and photon-proton reactions near threshold. With empirical coupling constants and form factors, the predicted cross sections are about 1.5 mb in kaon-proton reactions, 0.1 mb in r-nucleon reactions, 0.05 mb in pion-nucl...

Exclusive φ production in proton-proton collisions in the resonance model. Abstract The exclusive φ meson production in proton-proton reactions is calculated within the resonance model. The considered model was already successfully applied to the description of π, η, ρ, ω, ππ production in proton-proton collisions. The only new parameter entering into the model is the ω − φ mixing angle θ mix w...

Proton transfer is ubiquitous in chemistry and biology, occurring, for example, in proteins, enzyme reactions and across proton channels and pumps. However, it has always been described in the context of hydrogen-bonding networks ('proton wires') acting as proton conduits. Here, we report efficient intramolecular ionization-induced proton transfer across a 1,3-dimethyluracil dimer, a model π-st...

The first patients were treated with proton beams in 1955 at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in California. In 1970, proton beams began to be used in research facilities to treat cancer patients using fractionated treatment regimens. It was not until 1990 that proton treatments were carried out in hospital-based facilities using technology and techniques that were comparable to those for moder...

This article reviews proton intake, charge transfer and proton release by F-ATPases, based in part on flash spectrophotometric studies on the chloroplast ATPase in thylakoid membranes, CF1Fo. The synthesis-coupled translocation of charges by CF1Fo (maximum rate <1500 s-1) and the dissipative flow through its exposed channel portion, CFo (rate >10 000 s-1), are extremely proton-specific (selecti...

Fogel and Hastings first hypothesized the existence of voltage-gated proton channels in 1972 in bioluminescent dinoflagellates, where they were thought to trigger the flash by activating luciferase. Proton channel genes were subsequently identified in human, mouse, and Ciona intestinalis, but their existence in dinoflagellates remained unconfirmed. We identified a candidate proton channel gene ...