Background: The growing tendency to anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) and prohibited substances misuse by female athletes is a new public health concern. Epidemiological studies in this field are necessary to introduce an effective preventive drug control program in gyms. This study directed to evaluate the prevalence of AAS and other banned substances use and...

INTRODUCTION Since 2000, local jurisdictions in California have enacted hundreds of policies and ordinances in an effort to protect their citizens from the harmful effects of secondhand smoke. We evaluated strategies used by state-funded local tobacco control programs to enact local smoke-free policies involving outdoor recreational spaces. METHODS The Tobacco Control Evaluation Center analyz...

extended abstract 1. introduction the important roles played by green space are the social, economic, cultural and environmental aspects of sustainable development. thus, the quality and quantity of green space should be appropriate to the physical size of the city and the needs of society and also it should be developed according to the ecological conditions of the city and its future developm...

The important ecological and recreational functions of public green spaces for metropolitan regions have been increasingly recognized, especially in the last few decades developing countries that experienced rapid urbanization at cost land. This study developed a accessibility index (GAI) quantifies efficiency accessing different levels spaces. GAI used improved estimation method by using web m...

Urban green space is one of the important solicitude for urban planners and designers due to their effects on quality of life. This research used HPM model to estimate economic value of urban green space, in a case study of trees in Velenjak residential place, Tehran Metropolitan Area in Iran. View determined the spread tree on the public spaces and neighbourhoods improve residential lan...

May 19–25, 2014, marks the 10th annual Recreational Water Illness and Injury Prevention Week. This observance highlights ways in which swimmers, parents, pool owners and operators, beach managers, and public health can maximize the health benefits of water-based physical activity, while avoiding water-associated illness and injury. To help keep swimming a healthy and safe activity, CDC has rece...

tioner" in The Hospital and Health Review for May, you ask for your readers' views on the problem of the dearth of probationers. We are two nurses now in training, and would like to state our views. We know that nursing must necessarily be a very strenuous life, but surely the work could be reduced from a 10-hour day (totalling 60 hours a week excluding off duty time) to the 8-hourday system. E...

Chronic diseases, obesity and sedentary lifestyles are some of the health challenges facing Canada today. There is increasing recognition and evidence that the way our cities are planned, designed and built can contribute to these problems. Many of the policy levers to address the built environment exist outside the health sector and at the municipal level in areas such as urban planning, trans...