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In this paper we present a definition of “configuration controllability” for mechanical systems whose Lagrangian is kinetic energy with respect to a Riemannian metric minus potential energy. A computable test for this new version of controllability is derived. This condition involves an object which we call the symmetric product . Of particular interest is a definition of “equilibrium controlla...

Numerous studies have focused on identifying the chemical and biological factors that govern the differentiation of stem cells; however, recent research has shown that mechanical cues may play an equally important role. Mechanical forces such as shear stresses and tensile loads, as well as the rigidity and topography of the extracellular matrix were shown to induce significant changes in the mo...

This paper investigates averaging theory and oscillatory control for a large class of mechanical systems. A link between averaging and controllability theory is presented by relating the key concepts of averaged potential and symmetric product. Both analysis and synthesis results are presented within a coordinate-free framework based on the theory of affine connections. The analysis focuses on ...

Soft tissue "pulleys" in the orbit alter the paths of the eye muscles in a way that may simplify the brain's work in implementing Listing's law, i.e., in holding ocular torsion at zero. But Listing's law does not apply to some oculomotor systems, such as the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR), which shows a different kinematic pattern. To explain this different pattern, some authors have assumed that...

In this work, the robust position control scheme is proposed for the electro-mechanical system using the disturbance observer and backstepping control method. To the external unknown load of the electro-mechanical system, the nonlinear disturbance observer is given to estimate the external unknown load. Combining the output of the developed nonlinear disturbance observer with backstepping techn...

This paper considers control systems defined on Lie algebroids. After deriving basic controllability tests for general control systems, we specialize our discussion to the class of mechanical control systems on Lie algebroids. This class of systems includes mechanical systems subject to holonomic and nonholonomic constraints, mechanical systems with symmetry and mechanical systems evolving on s...

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of strip cropping and different weed control methods on the yield and yield structure of dent maize, narrow-leafed lupin and spring oat. A split-plot design with four replications was conducted in 2008-2010. The following factors were analysed in the experiment: I. Cultivation method – sole cropping and strip cropping; II. Weed control method ...

in order to comparison of weeds mechanical control for sugar beet, a rotary cultivator was designed and constructed in first year, and compared with other mechanical control in second year. five treatments, included: rotary hoe cultivator, furrower cultivator, rotary cultivator, no weeding and manual weeding were compared. experiment design was random complete blocks design (rcbd) with three re...