Alan Turing proposed an interactive test to replace the question \Can machines think?" This test has become known as the Turing Test and its validity for determining intelligence or thinking is still in question. Struggling with the validity of long proofs, program correctness, computational complexity and cryptography, theoreticians developed interactive proof systems. By formalizing the Turin...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Surgical trials pose many methodological challenges often not present in trials of medical interventions. If not properly accounted for, these challenges may introduce significant biases and threaten the validity of the results. METHODS We systematically reviewed the significance of randomized controlled trials in the evaluation of surgical interventions, discussed t...

There are problems related to question answering which obviously call for semantically based logical inferences. For example, a question-answering system should produce the same answer if asked with logically equivalent paraphrases of a question. Moreover, an answer should not only be found for direct matches of the query with the knowledge base but also if the answer is entailed by the latter....

B eginning in 2013, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) required program directors to semiannually report milestone data for their trainees. The milestones are competency-based observable behaviors that mark a trainee’s developmental progression toward unsupervised practice by enhancing learner assessment and feedback and program evaluation and improvement. The aim ...

A validity study was conducted for two purposes: to evaluate the importance of knowledge tests for pilot selection and to validate the knowledge tests of the German Aerospace Center. The two criteria were a theoretical test given in the Flight Training School and the overall graduation rate. Regression models were calculated to measure the incremental validity of knowledge tests beyond ability ...

What is an inference rule? This question does not have a unique answer. One usually nds two distinct standard answers in the literature: validity inference (` v ' if for every substitution , the validity of ] entails the validity of ']), and truth inference (` t ' if for every substitution , the truth of ] entails the truth of ']). In this paper we introduce a general semantic framework that al...

Positive claims regarding the construct validity of the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) have been made for years; however, reports of high scale multicollinearity (e.g., LaPolice, Carter, & Johnson, 2008) raise doubts regarding discriminant validity. I factor analyzed four O*NET surveys; because each single-item scale is meant to define a distinct construct, evidence of construct valid...

Question and answering service is one of the popular services in the World Wide Web. The main goal of these services is to finding the best answer for user's input question as quick as possible. In order to achieve this aim, most of these use new techniques foe question matching. . We have a lot of question and answering services in Persian web, so it seems that developing a question matching m...