Coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) is generated when the electron bunch length in order of magnitude wavelength emitted radiation. The self-interaction short bunches with their own electromagnetic fields changes longitudinal beam dynamics significantly. Above a certain current threshold, micro-bunching instability develops, characterized by appearance distinguishable substructures phase space...

bromus kopetdaghensis is one of perennial plants of poaceae family and it is important in biodiversity of arid and semi arid grasslands of iran. this experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with 4 replications in laboratory of faculty of agriculture, ferdowsi university of mashhad, iran.treatments were different constant temperature of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°c with...

Reinforcement learning (RL) is based on the idea that the tendency to produce an action should be strengthened (reinforced) if it produces favorable results, and weakened if it produces unfavorable results. Q-learning is a recent RL algorithm that does not need a model of its environment and can be used on-line. Therefore, it is well suited for use in repeated games against an unknown opponent....

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Radical prostatectomy is commonly performed for the treatment of patients with prostate cancer. Several studies have demonstrated a reduction in penile size after open radical retropubic prostatectomy. The objective of this study is to describe changes in penile length after after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALRP). PATIENTS AND METHODS We perform...

Reinforcement Learning (RL) suffers from several difficulties when applied to domains with no obvious goal state defined; this leads to inefficiency in RL algorithms. In this paper we consider a solution within the context of a widely-used testbed for RL, that of RoboCup Keepaway soccer. We introduce Argumentation-Based RL (ABRL), using methods from argumentation theory to integrate domain know...

We compared image restoration methods [Richardson-Lucy (RL), Wiener, and Next-image] with measured "scatter" point-spread-functions, for removing subsurface fluorescence from section-and-image cryo-image volumes. All methods removed haze, delineated single cells from clusters, and improved visualization, but RL best represented structures. Contrast-to-noise and contrast-to-background improvemen...

qct calculations were performed to study the behavior of energized nh2oh formed by association collision of nh2 radical with oh radical. a potential energy surface that describes the behavior of the title reaction has been constructed by interpolation of ab initio data. h2o, hon, hno, nh3, o, h2no, cis or trans-honh, and h products and two vibrationally energized nh2oh and nh3o adducts were obs...