the part of precipitation that directly meets the water requirements of a plant, is termed the effective rainfall. effective rainfall estimation methods consist of: direct measurement, empirical methods, and soil-water balance modeling. due to the high costs of measurements and storing devices such as lysimeter, empirical and balance methods are most commonly used to estimate the effective rain...

A decrease in the ratio of 18O to 16O (delta18O) of sedimentary carbonate from the Bolivian Altiplano has been interpreted to indicate rapid surface uplift of the late Miocene Andean plateau (AP). Here we report on paleoclimate simulations of Andean surface uplift with an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) that tracks oxygen isotopes in vapor. The GCM predicts changes in atmospheric ci...

Climate plays an important role in crop biomass production. Extreme climatic conditions and high seasonal variability of climatic parameters could adversely affect productivity (Li et al., 2006) since rainfall determines the crop yields and the choice of the crops that can be grown. The pattern and amount of rainfall are among the most important factors that affect cropping systems. The analysi...

the estimation of effective rainfall is an important technique for exploiting the rainwater resource, planning for irrigation in irrigated agriculture, and determining changes in dryland wheat products for country's macroeconomic management. in this research, a two-layer soil-water balance model based on a new approach has been formulated to estimate the effective rainfall in dryland wheat crop...

single storms are the most restore water at the water management especially in arid and semi arid. therefore, single storm estimation is the important step in risk management. this study, single storm estimated by gsdm model. so, the date used include: meteorological data, dem and water value in basin jahanbin. in the gsdm model should divide basin to two region smooth and rough, moisture adjus...

We aimed to study the characteristics and the mechanism of the cumulative release of antimony at an antimony smelting slag stacking area in southern China. A series of dynamic and static leaching experiments to simulate the effects of rainfall were carried out. The results showed that the release of antimony from smelting slag increased with a decrease in the solid-liquid ratio, and the maximum...

Many general circulation models (GCMs) share similar biases in the representation of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in the Atlantic, even when they are forced with the time series of the observed sea surface temperature (SST). Specifically, they overestimate precipitation in the Southern Hemisphere in boreal spring and in the Caribbean region in boreal summer. The majority of the mod...

Satellite-data derived total precipitable water (kg/m 2 ) is the amount of water vapor in the atmospheric column from the surface of the earth to space. The microwave instruments SSMI/S, AMSRE and AMSU can be used to retrieve this parameter that could be useful in relation to heavy precipitation. The MIRS products, developed by NESDIS, were used as indices. In order to study the cause of heavy ...