Cells are fundamental building blocks of living organisms. Cells contain a nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts, endoplasmatic reticulum, ribosomes, vacuoles, etc. The nucleus is important organelle because it houses chromosomes which include the DNA. The DNA is in essence a blueprint of the organism as it encodes information needed to synthesize proteins. Molecular biologists would like to u...

In this problem, two types of data will be available. The first type of data we will have is called presence records. Presence records are pixels on the grid map where the species of concern was observed. The same pixel may be present multiple times if the species was observed more than one time within that pixel. The second type of data we will have is called environmental variables. Each envi...

Zt e −αty i ht(x i) ; where α t = 1 2 ln 1−t t , t = err Dt (h t), and Z t is normalization factor. end output: final/combined hypothesis: H(x) = sign(T t=1 α t h t (x)). Last time, we have shown that the training error goes down very quickly with respect to the number of rounds of boosting T 1. However, what is the performance of the generalization error of AdaBoost? How do we estimate the upp...

Stimulation of leukocytes with chemoattractant ligands activates phospholipid turnover and calcium release, ultimately leading to chemotaxis, degranulation, and the inflammatory response. The leukocyte response to these ligands is transduced by the interaction of transmembrane receptors with GTP-binding regulatory proteins (G-proteins). To examine the mechanisms of signal transduction by these ...

a r t i c l e i n f o The effect of temperature on the crack onset strain (COS) of brittle coatings on polymer substrates was investigated through a series of temperature-controlled tensile tests carried out in situ under an optical microscope. It was observed that the failure of such materials under tensile strain was strongly affected by temperature, but the exact behaviour was heavily depend...

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is an enzyme of phagocytes that produces bactericidal superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) via an electrogenic process. Proton efflux compensates for the charge movement across the cell membrane. The proton channel responsible for the H(+) efflux was thought to be contained within the gp91(phox) subunit of NADPH oxidase, but recent data do not s...

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) in air and dissolved in seawater was determined during a cruise in August 1999 in the Sargasso Sea in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Dissolved concentrations at the sea surface displayed only a weak diel cycle with a mean of 8.6 + 2.8 pmol dm -3 owing to low abundance of photochemical precursors and high temperatures causing rapid hydrolysis. Depth profiles measured over t...

The paper deals with the problem of convergence branched continued fractions two branches branching which are used to approximate ratios Horn's hypergeometric function $H_3(a,b;c;{\bf z})$. case real parameters $c\geq a\geq 0,$ b\geq $c\neq and complex variable ${\bf z}=(z_1,z_2)$ is considered. First, it proved fraction for z}\in G_{\bf h}$, where $G_{\bf h}$ two-dimensional disk. Using this r...

0.1 Challenge 1 If we consider that G(x, t) and W (x, t) are harmonic functions in time, then there exist functions g(x) and w(x) such that G(x, t) = g(x) cos(ωt) and W (x, t) = w(x) cos(ωt). Reeplacing these two expressions in the problem (1), we have that −ω2w(x) cos(ωt)− c2w′′(x) cos(ωt) = g(x) cos(ωt), which implies that −ω2w(x) − c2w′′(x) = g(x). On the other hand, the function W (x, t) sa...