Key health indicators in Pakistan remain relatively intransigent. While there has been some improvement at intermediate outcome and process levels, several challenges remain, including an inattention to health systems strengthening. Within this context the NGO Heartfile has worked to bring about changes at a health policy and systems level through creation of a policy-level institutional mechan...

conclusions our study demonstrated that the b1 gene, more so than the re gene, showed positive samples and can be used to detect toxoplasmosis, although the b1 gene, in comparison to the re gene, did not show any superiority of molecular diagnosing capability. results also showed that toxoplasma molecular detection methods can be used instead of routine serological detection methods in a clinic...

In assessments of the seismic adequacy of existing steel bridges, the anchorage of steel truss piers to their foundations often has insufficient strength to resist seismic demands. Many other non-ductile failure locations may also exist along the seismic load path that cannot provide adequate seismic performance. Although strengthening is an option, this approach may only transfer damage to ano...

The management of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis in rheumatology outpatients in the West Midlands was audited in relation to the 2002 Royal College of Physicians (RCP) Guidelines and re-audited in relation to the 1998 National Osteoporosis Society (NOS) Guidance. Practice was assessed from prospective data on all follow-up patients over a 2-week period in 13 rheumatology units. Data were a...

thinking simultaneously of humor and battlefield is hardly expectable; however, the most genuine jokes can be seen in this very battlefield verbal culture in a simple and sensitive form which has rarely been paid attention to. this witticism can be categorized into four classes; namely, devotional, fight and martyrdom, drinking and eating, and social interactions which have the most similitude ...

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between standing balance increased through muscle-strengthening exercises and pain in knee osteoarthritis patients. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty knee osteoarthritis patients were equally divided into a strengthening exercise group and an unstable exercise group. Before and after the six-week experiment, the visual analogue sca...

In this paper it will be shown how conditional presuppositions can be strengthened to unconditional ones if we assume that the antecedent and consequent of a conditional presupposition are independent of one another. Our notion of independence is very weak, and based on Lewis’ (1988) notion of orthogonality of questions. It will be argued that our way to strengthen these presuppositions does no...