Background: In all countries, health expenditures are a main part of government expenditure, and governments try to find policies and strategies to reduce this expenditure. Overall expenditure index has been raised 30 times during the past 20 years in Iran, while in the health sector, the growth in health expenditures index has been 71 times. The present study aimed at examining health care exp...

This paper examines the impact of government expenditure on the Nigerian economy for the period 1983 - 2012. The government expenditure components used as the explanatory variables in the model are: expenditures on Health, Education, Defense, Agriculture and Transportation and Communication. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was used as a parameter for measuring economic growth. In order to esta...

We present a method for animating herds of animals to follow terrain surfaces in real time. This method involves making modifications to Reynold’s boids algorithm. The modifications use local properties of the terrain and thus have low complexity. They produce naturally behaving herds that follow the terrain, swerving around hills and attempting to reduce energy expenditure. The terrain-followi...

AbstractFiscal federalism copes with the division of governmental function and financial relations among levels authorities. The objective this research was to give empirical evidence about effects Local Own-Source Revenue (PAD), Sharing Fund (DBH), General Allocation (DAU), Special (DAK), Expenditure (BD) on economic growth poverty level. data study were sourced from secondary data. collection...

This paper explores the long run relationship between homeownership rates, expenditure shares for housing services and house price fluctuations across countries. First, I provide a comprehensive empirical characterization of housing cycles using a large database covering 18 OECD countries over the period 1970:1-2013:4. Second, the interactions between homeownership, expenditure shares for housi...

Much is said about the importance of investing in information security (Potter 2004; Ernst & Young 2003), but little is known on the extent and effectiveness of such security programmes (Cosgrove Ware 2004). A model that analyses the mechanics of an information security programme is presented. The model attempts to put an upper-bound on the information security expenditure. The concepts of “via...

Electronic democracy should facilitate the discussion and participation of citizens as well as electronic voting in governmental issues. Governmental applications available in the Web have not evolved significantly toward real participation of citizens. The implementation of an e-democracy system can benefit from incorporating features from distinct information channels, especially television. ...

Social capital contributes to the alleviation of poverty but evidence on how to strengthen it remains scarce. This article describes strategies to strengthen social capital developed by a nongovernmental organization (NGO) and women as part of a development programme in rural Bangladesh between 2006 and 2012. The NGO and the women involved leveraged bonding (familial), bridging (peers) and link...

Technical assistance (TA) has a long and varied history as a development practice. It initially emerged as a set of ‘hard’ programs, tools, and technologies delivered to developing countries by imported First World experts, typically in the agricultural and resource sectors. Later, in response to critical and antidevelopment theories, TA morphed into its ‘soft’ version, attempting to empower ma...

Cath volunteers with the PONT Mbale (www.PONT-mbale.org) link and chairs their primary care committeewhich is embedded in a community to community partnership between Rhondda Cynon Taf in SouthWales and a district in Uganda called Mbale. Since 2005,PONThave trained60operational level health workers (OHWs) across three nongovernmental organisations (NGOs), 450 community health workers (CHWs) acr...