For animals living in groups, one of the important questions is to understand what are the decisionmaking mechanisms that lead to choosing a motion direction or leaving an area while preserving group cohesion. Here, we analyse the initiation of collective departure in zebrafish Danio rerio. In particular, we observed groups of 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 zebrafish swimming in a two resting sites arena an...

OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to quantify the proportion of US patients with newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in whom disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy was initiated within 12 months following diagnosis, to determine mean time to initiation, to compare the characteristics of initiators versus noninitiators, and to identify factors associated with nonin...

Macromolecules that possess three-dimensional, branched molecular structures are of great interest because they exhibit significantly differentiated application performance compared to conventional linear (straight chain) polymers. This paper reports the synthesis of 3- and 4-arm star branched polymers via ring opening polymerisation (ROP) utilising multi-functional hydroxyl initiators and Sn(O...

BACKGROUND Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) has been associated with a decrease in breast cancer risk, but it is unknown if they also reduce mammographic density, a strong intermediate marker of breast cancer risk. METHODS We investigated NSAID use and mammographic density in 29,284 postmenopausal women who had two screening mammograms at Group Health in Seattle. We used ph...

OBJECTIVE To compare how newly initiated treatment with benzodiazepines, Z-hypnotics or both associates with the reception of disability pension among 40,661 individuals of a working age. DESIGN Prescription register study. SETTING Norwegian nationwide prescriptions socio-economic and disability status data. METHODS Cox regression analyses. SUBJECTS New benzodiazepine or Z-hypnotic user...

This study investigated effects of drug-use initiation and conduct disorder (CD) among 1031 adolescents who participated in the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcomes Studies for Adolescents (DATOS-A) sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). The mean age of first drug use was 12.7 (S.D.=2.2), 57% met DSM-III-R criteria for CD, and earlier initiators were more likely to have CD. About 78...

BACKGROUND Risk evaluation and mitigation strategies (REMS), as mandated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for medications with the potential for harm, are increasingly incorporating rigid protocols for patient evaluation, but little is known about compliance with these programs. Despite the inherent limitations, data on administrative claims may provide an opportunity to investigate...

Lipid peroxidation is a primary cause of quality deterioration in meat and meat products. Free radical chain reaction is the mechanism of lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radical and hydroperoxyl radical are the major initiators of the chain reaction. Lipid peroxyl radical and alkoxyl radical formed from the initial reactions are also capable of abstracting ...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to characterize treatment patterns and burden of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNET). METHODS Using 2 claims databases, we identified patients with PNET initiating targeted therapy (everolimus, sunitinib) or chemotherapy from 2009 to 2012. The first targeted/cytotoxic therapy was considered index treatment. Treatment patterns were graphically evaluated ...

*TUC Centenary Institute of Occupational Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., London WC1E-7HT, England. the types of promoter listed have not been demonstrated as such by animal experiments, but if a substance is a carcinogenic but not mutagenic, then it is most probably a tumor promoter. This assumes that mutagens are initiators and that promoters can induce cance...