The products of vitagenes such as heat shock protein 32 (Hsp32, heme oxygenase 1) and Hsp70, the family of inducible cytoprotective proteins regulated by the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway, and small molecule antioxidants such as glutathione provide the cell with powerful means to counteract and survive various conditions of stress. Among these protective systems, the heat shock proteins represent a hi...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have long been viewed as deleterious chemicals that lead to oxidative stress. More recently, ROS, especially the stable ROS hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), have been shown to have roles in normal physiological responses in vascular cells. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is dynamically targeted to plasmalemmal caveolae, and represents the principal enzymatic ...

Glycerate 3-kinase (GLYK) is the terminal enzyme of the photorespiratory cycle in plants and many cyanobacteria. For several C(4) plants, notably grasses of the NADP-malic enzyme (ME) subtype, redox regulation of GLYK has been reported, but the responsible molecular mechanism is not known. We have analyzed the enzyme from the NADP-ME C(4) plant maize (Zea mays) and found that maize GLYK, in con...

The growth and development of marine fish larvae fed copepods is superior to those fed rotifers, but the underlying molecular reasons for this are unclear. In the following study we compared the effects of such diets on redox regulation pathways during development of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae. Cod larvae were fed a control diet of copepods or the typical rotifer/Artemia diet commonly u...

Plastids are organelles present in photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic plant tissues. While it is well known that thioredoxin-dependent redox regulation is essential for leaf chloroplast function, little is known of the redox regulation in plastids of nonphotosynthetic tissues, which cannot use light as a direct source of reducing power. Thus, the question remains whether redox regulation oper...

Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius is a Gram-positive, thermophilic bacterium capable of ethanologenic fermentation of both C5 and C6 sugars and may have possible use for commercial bioethanol production [Tang et al., 2009; Taylor et al. (2009) Trends Biotechnol 27(7): 398-405]. Little is known about the physiological changes that accompany a switch from aerobic (high redox) to microaerobic/fermen...

Abstract The ratio of total losses H and O from the atmosphere is crucial for determining Martian atmospheric redox state. escapes are shown to be regulated in a stoichiometric 2:1 converged model present-day Mars over timescale ∼10 5 yr, which called self-regulation. Self-regulation timescales under different conditions on early not well understood. Here we use 1D photochemical calculate self-...

APE1/Ref-1 is thought to be a multifunctional protein involved in reduction-oxidation (redox) regulation and base excision DNA repair, and is required for early embryonic development in mice. APE1/Ref-1 has redox activity and AP endonuclease activity, and is able to enhance DNA-binding activity of several transcription factors, including NF-kappaB, AP-1 and p53, through reduction of their criti...

Redox mediated signaling mechanisms play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis is one of the most important disorders induced mainly by hypercholesterolemia. Oxidation products and related signaling mechanisms are found within the characteristic biomarkers of atherosclerosis. Several studies have shown that redox signaling via lipid rafts play a s...