The generation of empirical evidence to explain offending by children and young people has been a central driver criminological sociological research for more than two centuries. Across the international field youth justice, become an integral means complementing extending knowledge understanding offered official enquiries data collection professional stakeholders essential tool informing ‘evid...

Psychological models of mental disorders play an important role in the explanation of psychological deterioration. Researchers from this area usually study several cognitive and behavioral variables to account for the onset and maintenance of depression. However, many authors have detected the need to include a "social dimension" in the explanation of deterioration. In this sense, social suppor...

1. The modern Western idea of ‘the natural world’ 2. Other cosmological patterns 3. The Biblical view of the world 4. Ancient Greek science and philosophy 4.1. Organism and ‘Mechanism’ 4.2. Beings and Being 4.3. Cyclical Cosmology 4.4 Attitudes towards the Universe 5. The mediaeval world-view 6. The impact of the 'mechanistic' universe of Newtonian science 6.1. Reductionism 6.2. Direct Implicat...

As opposed to the dismissive attitude toward reductionism that is popular in current philosophy of mind, a “ruthless reductionism” is alive and thriving in “molecular and cellular cognition”—a field of research within cellular and molecular neuroscience, the current mainstream of the discipline. Basic experimental practices and emerging results from this field imply that two common assertions b...

Near-death experiences" include phenomena that challenge materialist reductionism, such as enhanced mentation and memory during cerebral impairment, accurate perceptions from a perspective outside the body, and reported visions of deceased persons, including those not previously known to be deceased. Complex consciousness, including cognition, perception, and memory, under conditions such as ca...

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DESCARTES’ REDUCTIONIST PRINCIPLE HAS HAD A PROfound influence on medicine. Similar to repairing a clock in which each broken part is fixed in order, investigators have attempted to discover causal relationships among key components of an individual and to treat those components accordingly. For example, if most of the morbidity in patients with diabetes is caused by high blood glucose levels, ...