Refusals to deal come in many different forms. Appropriate legal standards differ across these forms. A vertical refusal to deal arises when a dominant input supplier refuses to sell its input to downstream rivals. A complementary refusal to deal arises when the dominant supplier of one product sells that product to customers as part of a bundle but refuses to sell that product alone to a rival...

A shared information system is expected to comply with the following potentially conflicting requirements. On the one side it should provide useful answers to arbitrary queries, while on the other side it should preserve certain secrets according to a security policy. We study and compare two previously suggested approaches to meet these requirements, namely refusal of statements and lying . Th...

The DC system is used as the power supply for all kinds of protection, measurement and control, safety automation other devices in substation. It fundamental guarantee control protection. If substation fails, it will have a destructive impact on entire function. Based this, order to solve problems maloperation refusal protection device caused by grounding fault system, method combining unbalanc...

Parental refusal of a recommended treatment is not an uncommon scenario in the neonatal intensive care unit. These refusals may be based upon the parents' perceptions of their child's projected quality of life. The inherent subjectivity of quality of life assessments, however, can exacerbate disagreement between parents and healthcare providers. We present a case of parental refusal of surgical...

OBJECTIVE To present food refusal in old age as a means of attempting to control the outcome of intergenerational family conflicts. METHOD Two cases are described. RESULTS Food refusal does not necessarily arise in the context of a classical eating disorder but may represent a form of protest, or hunger strike. DISCUSSION Food refusal is seen as distinct from a pure anorectic pattern of b...

BACKGROUND Studies on the determinants of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine use have generally focused on individual-level characteristics, despite the potentially important influence of regional-level characteristics. Therefore, we undertook a population-based, retrospective cohort study to identify individual- and regional-level determinants of HPV vaccine refusal (non-receipt) in Ontario's ...

conclusions the findings of this study indicated that all tpb variables are useful tools for prediction of the smoking behaviors among students. particularly, students’ perceived behavioral control and attitudes towards smoking were found to be important determinants of smoking intentions. thus, the findings could be used for planning effective tobacco control programs targeting university stud...