A number of challenges have hindered the development of a unified theory for metazoan regeneration. To describe the full range of complex regeneration phenomena in Animalia, we suggest that metazoans that regenerate missing body parts exhibit biological attributes that are tailored along a morpho-spatial regeneration continuum, illustrated in its polar scenarios by the USA "stars and stripes" f...

The ability of injured axons to regenerate declines with age, yet the mechanisms that regulate axon regeneration in response to age are not known. Here we show that axon regeneration in aging C. elegans motor neurons is inhibited by the conserved insulin/IGF1 receptor DAF-2. DAF-2's function in regeneration is mediated by intrinsic neuronal activity of the forkhead transcription factor DAF-16/F...

Apart from wound healing (or wound repair), which is mostly closure of a wound by scar tissue, the degree of tissue renewal or regeneration in vertebrates varies in different tissues. In fact, what is different is the complexity involved in the mechanisms and magnitude of regeneration. The simplest form of regeneration is the axonal outgrowth seen in a severed nervous system. Regeneration by si...

The most prominent and dramatic example of regeneration in vertebrates is the complete reconstitution of amphibian limbs and fish fins by epimorphic regeneration. Research into the molecular regulation of this fascinating biological problem is of high medical interest due to the potential application in replacing old or damaged tissues in humans. Retinoic acid (RA), a small lipophilic molecule ...

BACKGROUND compared with other vertebrate taxa, mammals possess a very limited capacity for appendage regeneration. The antlers of deer are an exception in that they are periodically lost and fully regenerated throughout the life of an individual. OBJECTIVE in this paper we compare certain aspects of antler regeneration with regenerative processes in other vertebrates. METHODS review of the...

The most prominent and dramatic example of regeneration in vertebrates is the complete reconstitution of amphibian limbs and fish fins by epimorphic regeneration. Research into the molecular regulation of this fascinating biological problem is of high medical interest due to the potential application in replacing old or damaged tissues in humans. Retinoic acid (RA), a small lipophilic molecule ...

Axon regeneration, fundamental to nerve repair, and functional recovery, relies on rapid changes in gene expression attributable to microRNA (miRNA) regulation. MiR-133b has been proved to play an important role in different organ regeneration in zebrafish, but its role in regulating axon regeneration in vivo is still controversial. Here, combining single-cell electroporation with a vector-base...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to review de literature about the role of mesenchymal stem cells in bone regenerative procedures in oral implantology, specifically, in the time require to promote bone regeneration. STUDY DESIGN [corrected] A bibliographic search was carried out in PUBMED with a combination of different key words. Animal and human studies that assessed histomorphometrically...

The ability of a neuron to regenerate its axon after injury depends in part on its intrinsic regenerative potential. Here, we identify novel intrinsic regulators of axon regeneration: poly(ADP-ribose) glycohodrolases (PARGs) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). PARGs, which remove poly(ADP-ribose) from proteins, act in injured C. elegans GABA motor neurons to enhance axon regeneration. PAR...

This article examines whether perceived neighborhood ethnic diversity is associated with a range of social outcomes in a postindustrial city undergoing regeneration. The research included a survey in 3 types of deprived area in Glasgow: those undergoing regeneration, those directly adjoining regeneration areas, and those further removed from regeneration areas. In areas undergoing regeneration,...