Abstract Due to technological developments in last decade, new methods of seismic evaluation are use like simulation based, algorithm probabilistic, software based etc. These have enabled researchers move from linear non-linear analysis. Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is performance method where a suite ground motions applied structure further scaled particular levels intensity. Seismic fra...

Various structural factors that contribute to damage during an earthquake are vertical irregularities, irregularities in strength and stiffness, mass torsional so on. Over the past decade, performance-based design (PBD) procedures have become one of most critical areas engineering. The pushover procedure is divided into two parts; first displacement target for erected building. estimated top bu...

The seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) columns retrofitted using the steel plate sandwich method bonded with prestressed PC bars was compared in both in-plane and out-of-plane directions. Therefore, bending strength, initial horizontal rigidity, cumulative energy absorption improved.