The relative entropy rate is a natural and useful measure of distance between two stochastic processes. In this paper we study the relative entropy rate between two Hidden Markov Processes (HMPs), which is of both theoretical and practical importance. We give new results showing analyticity, representation using Lyapunov exponents, and Taylor expansion for the relative entropy rate of two discr...

This paper deals with rate distortion or source coding with fidelity criterion, in measure spaces, for a class of source distributions. The class of source distributions is described by a relative entropy constraint set between the true and a nominal distribution. The rate distortion problem for the class is thus formulated and solved using minimax strategies, which result in robust source codi...

The law of one price (LOP) plays an important role as a building block in theories of international trade and exchange rate determination. It also serves as a measure of integration for international commodity markets. The LOP states that in competitive markets after adjustment for transportation costs and trade barriers, identical commodities sold in different countries should sell for the sam...

The molecular-clock hypothesis, i.e., the rate constancy of molecular evolution (Zuckerkandl and Pauling 1965), has been a cornerstone for several issues in molecular evolution, such as the neutral mutation hypothesis (Kimura 1983) and the estimation of phylogenies (Nei 1987, pp. 309-3 13 ) and divergence times (Li and Graur 199 1, pp. 117-l 18). For the purpose of assessing the constancy of mo...

Relative growth is often used as a phenotypic measure to distinguish mutant and wild-type yeast or bacterial strains. Differential growth as a function of temperature is a convenient and accurate means of analyzing differences between strains. Slight differences in the genotypes of two strains frequently result in differential growth of the two strains as a function of temperature. We have deve...

This study describes a computational method for studying variation in articulation rate in a qualitatively mixed speech corpus. The method works within the scope of individual utterances, replacing each single speech sound’s time information with a coefficient based on its duration relative to its environment. It can be used to generalize and determine points of acceleration and deceleration in...

I report a framework for assessing whether one mitochondrial genome is significantly more rearranged than another. This relative rate of gene rearrangement test (RGR) behaves according to expectation, distinguishing between highly rearranged and mildly rearranged insect mitochondrial genomes. It may be more broadly applied to assess the relative rate of nuclear gene rearrangement.

BACKGROUND There have been few reports on long-term survival of gastric cancer patients. This study analyzed the survival data of gastric cancer patients obtained from the population-based Qidong Cancer Registry between 1972 and 2011, providing a basis for evaluation of gastric cancer treatment and prognosis. METHODS The cumulative observed survival rate and relative survival rate of gastric ...

Case-control designs are widely used in rare disease studies. In a typical case-control study, data are collected from a sample of all available subjects who have experienced a disease (cases) and a sub-sample of subjects who have not experienced the disease (controls) in a study cohort. Cases are oversampled in case-control studies. Logistic regression is a common tool to estimate the relative...

Improvements in cancer survival may be distributed inequitably throughout populations and across time. We assessed trends in cancer survival inequalities in New Zealand by ethnic and income group. 126,477 people diagnosed with cancer between 1991 and 2004, followed-up to 2006, were included. First, inequalities pooled over time were measured with excess mortality rate ratios (EMRRs). Second, in...