Deep reinforcement learning (deep RL) has achieved superior performance in complex sequential tasks by using a deep neural network as its function approximator and by learning directly from raw images. A drawback of using raw images is that deep RL must learn the state feature representation from the raw images in addition to learning a policy. As a result, deep RL can require a prohibitively l...

Policy improvement methods seek to optimize the parameters of a policy with respect to a utility function. There are two main approaches to performing this optimization: reinforcement learning (RL) and black-box optimization (BBO). In recent years, benchmark comparisons between RL and BBO have been made, and there have been several attempts to specify which approach works best for which types o...

To prevent distribution of recessive alleles in dairy herds all bulls used for AI (Artificial Insemination) haveto be tested. In this study 26 blood and 4 semen samples were supplied from Iranian Holstein bulls used forAI. Genomic DNA was extracted from 100 μl of blood and 200 μl of semen. Samples were tested by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR...

Lycium depressum L. is the only native tree-like life-form species inhabited in saline and alkaline regions of Turkmen Sahra located at Golestan province in Northern Iran. During past years, efforts have been made to increase vegetation cover of the area by cultivation of L. depressum L. to reduce water and wind erosions and dust storm challenges; however, the cultivation of t...

Recent theoretical and empirical work has suggested that the X chromosome may play a special role in the evolution of sexually dimorphic traits. We tested this idea by quantifying sex chromosome influence on male relative eyespan, a dramatically sexually selected trait in the stalk-eyed fly, Cyrtodiopsis dalmanni. After 31 generations of artificial sexual selection on eyespan:body length ratio,...

Physical interactions between distinct chromosomal genomic loci are important for genomic functions including recombination and gene expression, but the mechanisms by which these interactions occur remain obscure. Using telomeric association as a model system, we analyzed here the in vivo organization of chromosome ends of haploid yeast cells during interphase. We separately labeled most of the...