This article examines traditional and modern psychological characterizations of religiousness and spirituality. Three ways in which religiousness and spirituality are polarized by contemporary theorists are examined: organized religion versus personal spirituality; substantive religion versus functional spirituality; and negative religiousness versus positive spirituality. An alternative approa...

The history of research in North America suggests that we already know when people arrived in the continental US: about 11,500 C yr BP. Research also suggests that people were in the southern cone of South America by a comparable age, if not earlier. If the New World was colonized by Late Pleistocene migrants from Asia via the Bering Strait, then the earliest sites should be in North not South ...

A short review of the development of experimental psychology from an Estonian perspective is presented. The first rector after the reopening of the University of Dorpat (Tartu) in 1802, Georg Friedrich Parrot (1767-1852) was interested in optical phenomena which he attempted to explain by introducing the concept of unconscious inferences, anticipating a similar theory proposed by Herman von Hel...

Liaqat Ali 1,2, Saeed Islam 1, Taza Gul 1, Ilyas Khan 3, L. C. C. Dennis 4,∗ , Waris Khan5 and Aurangzeb Khan 6 1 Department of Mathematics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, KPK, Pakistan; [email protected] (L.A.); [email protected] (S.I.); [email protected] (T.G.) 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, CECOS University, Peshawer 25000, KPK, Pakistan 3 Department of Mathem...

Empirical research has ignored the effects of poverty on adolescent religion even though children are far more likely than adults to live in poverty in the United States. The current research demonstrates considerable differences in the religious activities and religious viewpoints of poor and non-poor American teenagers. Analysis of National Study of Youth and Religion survey data shows that w...

Using 1994-1995 and 2002-2003 data, Nieswiadomy (1998, 2006) found that economics majors scored well on the LSAT. These results are frequently posted on university web sites by Economics and other departments. This note, which updates the prior studies using current 2007-2008 data for the 2008-2009 class of students entering law school, finds that Economics majors still perform at or near the t...

Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the possibility to measure local and regional indices of aortic function. However calculations of these indices usually require blood pressure (BP) values. Up to now, because of its easier availability, brachial BP was used instead of local aortic pressure. The SphygmoCor Xcel system (AtCor Medical, Australia) estimates aortic pressure noninvas...

This article builds on earlier research, which concludes that societies cannot sustain themselves without cultures of optimism. These cultures are reproduced by a complex of ‘optimism promoters’, all of which can be seen to be engaged in a kind of unstated or ‘implicit’ cultural policy, with the production of optimism as one of its goals. The institution of religion is part of this complex. Its...

The term self-transcendence has been used to refer both to a process of movement beyond one’s immediate self-boundaries, and to a quality which emerges as a result of this process, culminating in a broadened worldview. Self-transcendence has appeared as a key theme in several disciplines including transpersonal psychology, personality theory, and nursing theory. The scarcity of widely accepted ...

Scientific comparative psychology in America dates from the mid-1890s, but there is a body of earlier literature on the topic, written during a period of theistic debates over Darwinian evolution. The anthropologist Lewis H. Morgan rejected instinct as an explanation of animal behavior in 1843 and defended the mental similarities between animals and humans, although he was not an evolutionist. ...